Syllabus concepts to know

• B.1.1 molecular theory in solids, liquids and gases
• B.1.2 m density ρ as given by ρ = V
• B.1.3 that Kelvin and Celsius scales are used to express temperature
• B.1.4 that the change in temperature of a system is the same when expressed with the Kelvin or Celsius scales
• B.1.5 3 that Kelvin temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles as given by Ek = kBT 2
• B.1.6 that the internal energy of a system is the total intermolecular potential energy arising from the forces between the molecules plus the total random kinetic energy of the molecules arising from their random motion
• B.1.7 that temperature difference determines the direction of the resultant thermal energy transfer between bodies
• B.1.8 that a phase change represents a change in particle behaviour arising from a change in energy at constant temperature
• B.1.9 quantitative analysis of thermal energy transfers Q with the use of specific heat capacity c and specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization of substances L as given by Q = mcΔT and Q = mL
• B.1.10 that conduction, convection and thermal radiation are the primary mechanisms for thermal energy transfer
• B.1.11 conduction in terms of the difference in the kinetic energy of particles
• B.1.12 quantitative analysis of rate of thermal energy transfer by conduction in terms of the type of material ΔQ ΔT and cross-sectional area of the material and the temperature gradient as given by = kA Δt Δx
• B.1.13 qualitative description of thermal energy transferred by convection due to fluid density differences
• B.1.14 quantitative analysis of energy transferred by radiation as a result of the emission of electromagnetic waves from the surface of a body, which in the case of a black body can be modelled by the Stefan- Boltzmann law as given by L = σAT 4 where L is the luminosity, A is the surface area and T is the absolute temperature of the body
• B.1.15 the concept of apparent brightness b
• B.1.16 L luminosity L of a body as given by b = 4πd2
• B.1.17 the emission spectrum of a black body and the determination of the temperature of the body using Wien’s displacement law as given by λmaxT = 2 .