Geography

Optional themes are a key component of the IB Geography syllabus as the examination on optional themes accounts for a significant part of your final grade. It is therefore crucial to make the right choice to maximise your grade. In this post we will break down all 7 options to help you make a well-informed decision.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">IB Geography Options</h2>&nbsp;The IB Geography syllabus offers 7 optional themes:&nbsp;<ul><li>Option A: Freshwater – drainage basins</li><li>Option B: Oceans and coastal margins</li><li>Option C: Extreme environments</li><li>Option D: Geophysical hazards</li><li>Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport&nbsp;</li><li>Option F: Food and health</li><li>Option G: Urban environments</li></ul>&nbsp;SL students must pick two options while HL students study three options.&nbsp;As mentioned, choosing the right options is crucial, as they play a significant role in your overall grade. In IB Geography Paper 1, which is entirely based on the optional themes, contributes 35% to your final grade for both SL and HL.&nbsp;The best way to choose the right options is to simply choose the options that you find most interesting. It will be much easier for you to study them and perform well if you find the information genuinely interesting. Below is a break-down of each theme and what it covers to help you decide:&nbsp;<h3>Option A: Freshwater – drainage basins</h3>&nbsp;This optional theme looks at the geography of freshwater, including rivers, lakes, and underground water sources. You'll learn how water moves through the environment, what causes flooding, and how rivers shape the land. It also focuses on the challenges of managing freshwater, like making sure there’s enough clean water for everyone and dealing with shared water resources between countries. This theme is perfect if you're curious about the impact of water on humans and the planet.&nbsp;In this theme, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>Drainage basin hydrology and geomorphology</li><li>Flooding and flood mitigation&nbsp;</li><li>Water quality and water scarcity</li><li>Water management futures</li></ul>&nbsp;<h3>Option B: Oceans and coastal margins</h3>&nbsp;This optional theme explores the importance of oceans and their role in shaping the climate and supporting life. You'll learn about ocean processes, how they link with the atmosphere, and the challenges of using oceans as resources. It also looks at coastal areas, focusing on the physical features like landforms and how these areas are managed and valued. This theme is great if you're curious about how oceans and coasts impact the environment and human activity.&nbsp;In this theme, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>Ocean-atmosphere interactions</li><li>Interactions between oceans and coastal place</li><li>Managing coastal margins</li><li>Ocean management futures</li></ul><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Option C: Extreme environments</h3>&nbsp;This optional theme explores two extreme environments: cold regions like polar areas, glaciers, and high mountains, and hot regions like deserts and semi-arid areas. You'll learn that while these places are tough to live in, they may offer opportunities for settlement and economic activities. You'll also learn about the unique landscapes, the natural processes that shape them, and how people adapt to harsh climates while managing challenges like sustainability. This theme is ideal if you're fascinated by how life thrives in extreme conditions.&nbsp;In this theme, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>The characteristics of extreme environments</li><li>Physical processes and landscapes</li><li>Managing extreme environments</li><li>Extreme environments futures</li></ul><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Option D: Geophysical hazards</h3>&nbsp;This optional theme focuses on natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides, exploring how they happen and how they affect people. You’ll study real-world examples, comparing similar events with different impacts depending on location and socio-economic conditions. You'll explore why some areas are more vulnerable to hazards, how communities prepare for and recover from disasters, and ways to manage risks. This theme is best suited for those interested in understanding natural disasters and how humans respond to them.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this theme, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>Geophysical systems</li><li>Geophysical hazard risks</li><li>Hazard risk and vulnerability</li><li>Future, resilience, and adaptations</li></ul><h3>&nbsp;</h3><pre><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL</code></pre><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;This optional theme explores how people use their leisure time, focusing on tourism and sports. As more people gain disposable incomes, international travel and different forms of tourism grow, while sports remain a key leisure activity even for those with lower incomes. Tourism happens in both urban and rural areas, and offers a varieties of activities, which, as you'll learn, are influenced by geography, history, and economic development. This theme may be an ideal fit if you yourself are interested in sports or travel!&nbsp;In this theme, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>Changing leisure patterns</li><li>Tourism and sport at the local and national scale</li><li>Tourism and sport at the international scale</li><li>Managing tourism and sport for the future</li></ul><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Option F: Food and health</h3>&nbsp;This optional theme examines the relationship between food and health, focusing on how economic development leads to changes in diet and health patterns. As countries develop, diseases of poverty decline, while diseases linked to wealth increase, though not equally across all social groups. The theme also looks at alternative ways to measure food security and health, and how gender, multinational companies, and governments influence food and health systems. This theme is ideal for those interested in issues of global poverty and disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this theme, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>Measuring food and health</li><li>Food systems and spread of diseases</li><li>Stakeholders in food and health</li><li>Future health and food security and sustainability&nbsp;</li></ul><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Option G: Urban environments</h3>&nbsp;This optional theme focuses on the growth of urban areas, with more than half of the global population now living in cities, many of which are megacities. It explores how cities act as centers of social interaction, wealth generation, and consumption, with diverse patterns of wealth and poverty that can lead to conflict. Rapid urban growth, driven by transport improvements, creates challenges for city planners, including issues of sustainability. Key topics include the hierarchy of cities, the movement of people, and managing transport and waste. This theme is perfect if you're interested in understanding the life in a city and how it may be improved.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this theme, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>The variety of urban environments</li><li>Changing urban systems&nbsp;</li><li>Urban environmental and social stresses</li><li>Building sustainable urban systems for the future</li></ul>&nbsp;&nbsp;We hope you found this post helpful. For more useful materials associated with the IB check out the wide variety of <a href="/ia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IA</a>, <a href="/ee" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EE </a>and <a href="/tok" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">TOK </a>exemplars available at <a href="/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify </a>and other guides available on our <a href="/blog" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">blog</a>.&nbsp;

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A comprehensive guide to IB Geography Options. 

IB Geography Options

History

The IB History syllabus is built entirely around optional topics, making it useful to familiarize yourself with the available choices. In this post, we will provide you with a comprehensive breakdown of all the IB History options.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">IB History Options</h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;The IB History syllabus is divided into two main sections, with a third section included for HL students: the Prescribed Subject, World History Topics, and Regional Topics (HL only). Each section offers a range of optional topics. However, it’s important to note that the specific options your class will study are usually determined by your school and teacher. In many cases, teachers have already selected the topics for the class prior to the start of the school year.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Prescribed Subject</h3>&nbsp;In this syllabus section, your teacher has the freedom to choose one topic from the five following options:&nbsp;<ul><li>Military Leaders – where you will focus on the following case studies:<ul><li>Genghis Khan (1200–1227)</li><li>Richard l of England (1173–1199)</li></ul>&nbsp;</li><li>Conquest and its impact – where you will focus on the following case studies:<ul><li>The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain</li><li>The conquest of Mexico and Peru (1519–1551)</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>The move to global war – where you will focus on the following case studies:<ul><li>Japanese expansion in East Asia (1931–1941)</li><li>German and Italian expansion (1933–1940)</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Rights and protest – where you will focus on the following case studies:<ul><li>Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965)</li><li>Apartheid South Africa (1948–1964)</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Conflict and intervention – where you will focus on the following case studies:&nbsp;<ul><li>Rwanda (1990–1998)</li><li>Kosovo (1989–2002) Subject</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>World History topics</h3>&nbsp;In this section of the syllabus, teachers are required to select two topics from the twelve available options. It's important to note that none of the twelve topics have mandatory case studies. Instead, teachers have the freedom to choose any case studies they see fit. The only requirement from the IB is that the selected case studies for each topic must come from different regions (the IB divided the world into four regions: Asia and Oceania, the Americas, Europe, and Africa). Additionally, teachers have flexibility in determining the number of case studies they cover, though most opt for 4-5 per topic to ensure students are thoroughly prepared for any exam questions that may come up. The twelve options are as follows:&nbsp;<ul><li>Society and economy (<a href="tel:750–1400">750–1400</a>) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>The spread of Islam in Africa; Ghanian Empire's taxation of trans-Saharan trade; Mayan decline in the 8th and 9th centuries, movement of Athabaskan speakers into Pueblo Native American territories; cultural developments during the Song dynasty; trade along the Silk Road; manorialism in Europe; role of Venice, Genoa and other city states in European economies&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Causes and effects of wars (<a href="tel:750–1500">750–1500</a>) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>Norman conquest of England; The Hundred Years' War; Tepanec War with the Aztecs; Toluid Civil War;&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Dynasties and rulers (<a href="tel:750–1500">750–1500</a>) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>Fatimid Calliphate; Zagwe dynasty; Jin dynasty; Second Bulgarian Empire; Charlemagne; Empress Theodora; Itzcoatl; Basil ll&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Societies in transition (1400–1700) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>The impact of trade in salt and gold on the rise an decline of African empires; Bantu migration; the collapse of the Ming dynasty; the impact of slavery on the economy and society in the Americas; the Reneissance; Gutenberg printing press; the decline of feudalism;&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Early Modern states (1450–1789) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>The expansion of the Ottoman Empie into the Middle East and North Africa; colonial conflicts between the British and French; the Tokugawa Shogunate; Mughal India; expansion and reorganization of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great; France under Louis XlV</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500–1750) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>Ottoman–Mamluk War; the ''Beaver Wars''; Mughal conquests; Japanese invasion of Korea (1592–1598); Qing conquest of Ming China; Dutch War of Independence; Russo–Swedish War (1554–1557) &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Origins, development, and impact of industrialization (1750–2005) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies: &nbsp; &nbsp;<ul><li>The combustion engine; the steam engine; generation of electricity; nuclear power; growth in information technology&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Independence movements (1800–2000) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>Kenyatta and Kennya; Bolivar and Gran Columbia; Jinnah and Pakistan; Kolokotronis and Greece</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Emergence and development of democratic states (1848–2000) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>Ghana; Israel; Lebanon; Ghana; South Africa; Argentina; Mexico; Chile; Japan; Poland; Germany; Italy; Czech Republic&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Authoritarian states (20th century)<ul><li>Nasser and Egypt; Saddam Hussein and Iraq; Castro and Cuba; Mao and China; Indonesia and Sukarno; Cambodia and Pol Pot; Hitler and Germany; Stalin and the USSR; Franco and Spain; Peron and Argentina;&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Causes and effects of the 20th-century wars – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988); Contra War (1981–1990); Chinese Civil War (1927–1937); First World War (1914–1918); Second World War (1939–1945); the Balkan Wars (1990s); Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905);&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries (20th century) – where teachers may for instance focus on some of the following case studies:<ul><li>Truman; Stalin; Cuban Missile Crisis; Suez Crisis; Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan; Berlin blockade; the Prague Spring; US intervention in Chile; the Angolan Civil War; Hungary (1956);&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>&nbsp;&nbsp;<pre><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL</code></pre><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Regional topics (HL only)</h3>&nbsp;For HL students, teachers must select one of the four world regions. From the chosen region, they are required to pick three topics to focus on. The available options include the following:&nbsp;<h4>World Region 1: Africa and the Midle East</h4>&nbsp;<ul><li>The ‘Abbasid dynasty (<a href="tel:750–1258">750–1258</a>)&nbsp;</li><li>The Fatimids (<a href="tel:909–1171">909–1171</a>)&nbsp;</li><li>The Crusades (1095–1291)&nbsp;</li><li>The Ottomans (1281–1566)</li><li>Trade and the rise and decline of African states and empires (<a href="tel:800–1600">800–1600</a>)</li><li>Pre-colonial African states (1800–1900)</li><li>The slave trade in Africa and the Middle East (1500–1900)</li><li>European imperialism and the partition of Africa (1850–1900)</li><li>Response to European imperialism (1870–1920)</li><li>Africa under colonialism (1890–1980)</li><li>20th-century nationalist and independence movements in Africa</li><li>The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)</li><li>War and change in the Middle East and North Africa 1914–1945</li><li>Africa, international organizations and the international community (20th century)</li><li>Developments in South Africa 1880–1994</li><li>Social and cultural developments in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries</li><li>Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)</li><li>Post-independence politics in Africa to 2005</li></ul>&nbsp;<h4>World Region 2: History of the Americas</h4>&nbsp;<ul><li>Indigenous societies and cultures in the Americas (c750–1500)</li><li>European explorations and conquests in the Americas (c1492–c1600)</li><li>Colonial government in the New World (1500–1800)</li><li>Religion in the New World (1500–1800)</li><li>Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)</li><li>Independence movements (1763–1830)</li><li>Nation-building and challenges (c1780–c1870)</li><li>US Civil War: causes, course and effects (1840–1877)</li><li>The development of modern nations (1865–1929)</li><li>Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)</li><li>The Mexican Revolution (1884–1940)</li><li>The Great Depression and the Americas (mid 1920s–1939)</li><li>The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)</li><li>Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)</li><li>Political developments in the United States (1945–1980) and Canada (1945–1982)</li><li>The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)</li><li>Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945</li><li>The Americas (1980–2005)</li></ul>&nbsp;<h4>World Region 3: History of Asia and Oceania&nbsp;</h4>&nbsp;<ul><li>Trade and exchange: The Silk Road in the medieval world (<a href="tel:750–1500">750–1500</a>)</li><li>Japan in the Age of the Samurai (1180–1333)</li><li>Exploration, trade and interaction in East Asia and South-East Asia (1405–1700)</li><li>The rise and fall of the Mughal Empire (1526–1712)</li><li>Colonialism and the development of nationalism in South-East Asia (c1750–1914)</li><li>India, Afghanistan and Burma (1750–1919)</li><li>Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700–1868)</li><li>British colonialism and emerging national identities in Oceania (1788–1919)</li><li>Early modernization and imperial decline in East Asia (1860–1912)</li><li>Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964)</li><li>Japan (1912–1990)</li><li>China and Korea (1910–1950)</li><li>Impact of the Second World War on South-East Asia</li><li>The People’s Republic of China (1949–2005)</li><li>Cold War conflicts in Asia</li><li>Developments and challenges in South Asia after 1947</li><li>Developments in Oceania after the Second World War (1945–2005)</li><li>Social, cultural and economic developments in Asia (excluding China, Japan and India) (1980–2005)</li></ul>&nbsp;<h4>World Region 4: History of Europe</h4>&nbsp;<ul><li>Monarchies in England and France (1066–1223)</li><li>Muslims and Jews in medieval Europe (1095–1492)</li><li>Late medieval political crises (1300–1487)</li><li>The Renaissance (c1400–1600)</li><li>The Age of Exploration and its impact (1400–1550)</li><li>Aspects of the Reformation (c1500–1563)</li><li>Absolutism and Enlightenment (1650–1800)</li><li>The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)</li><li>France (1815–1914)</li><li>Society, politics and economy in Britain and Ireland (1815–1914)</li><li>Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890)</li><li>Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union (1855–1924)</li><li>Europe and the First World War (1871–1918)</li><li>Inter-war domestic developments in European states (1918–1939)</li><li>Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)</li><li>The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)</li><li>Post-war western and northern Europe (1945–2000)</li><li>Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945–2000)</li></ul>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We hope you found this post helpful. For more useful materials associated with the IB check out the wide variety of <a href="/ia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IA</a>, <a href="/ee" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EE </a>and <a href="/tok" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">TOK </a>exemplars available at <a href="/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify</a>.&nbsp;

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A comprehensive guide to IB History Options. 

IB History Options

Psychology

Optional topics play a pivotal role in the IB Psychology syllabus, as the examination on these topics contributes significantly to your final grade. Choosing the right topics is essential to achieving your best results. In this post, we’ll explore all seven options to help you make an informed decision.&nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">IB Psychology Options</h2>&nbsp;The IB Psychology syllabus offers 4 option topics:&nbsp;<ul><li>Option 1: Abnormal psychology&nbsp;</li><li>Option 2: Developmental psychology&nbsp;</li><li>Option 3: Health psychology&nbsp;</li><li>Option 4: Psychology of human relationships&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;SL students must pick one option while HL students study two options.&nbsp;As already mentioned, selecting the right optional topics is essential, as they have a major impact on your overall grade. Paper 2, which focuses exclusively on these optional topics, accounts for 25% of the final grade at SL and 20% at HL.&nbsp;&nbsp;The best way to choose the right options is to simply choose the options that you find most interesting. It will be much easier for you to study them and perform well if you find the information genuinely interesting. Below is a break-down of each theme and what it covers to help you decide:&nbsp;<h3>Option 1: Abnormal psychology&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;This option focuses on fostering the understanding and ability to diagnose &nbsp;and treat mental health conditions. In this topic, students explore the causes of abnormal behavior, and how disorders are treated. Students will learn how biological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors shape mental health, and consider ethical issues involved in studying this subject. The option also examines how ideas of "normal" and "abnormal" vary over time and across cultures, which impacts diagnosis and treatment. Disorders covered include anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma-related disorders, and eating disorders. This option is ideal for those interested in mental health or those considering careers in psychology, psychiatry, or mental health advocacy.&nbsp;In this topic, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>factors influencing diagnosis&nbsp;</li><li>etiology of abnormal psychology&nbsp;</li><li>treatment of disorders</li></ul><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Option 2: Developmental psychology&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;This option focuses on how and why people’s behavior and thinking evolve over time. It covers the influences on cognitive and social development, how individuals form their identity, and how people develop as learners. You’ll explore how different factors shape development and examine how experiences in early life can impact later outcomes. You will also investigate why some people are more affected by their experiences than others. This topic is highly suitable for those <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;caret-color:rgb(0, 0, 0);display:inline !important;float:none;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:auto;text-align:start;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:auto;word-spacing:0px;">who want to better understand how early experiences shape who we become.&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;caret-color:rgb(0, 0, 0);display:inline !important;float:none;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:auto;text-align:start;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:auto;word-spacing:0px;">In this topic, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>infleunes on cognitive and social development&nbsp;</li><li>developing an identity</li><li>developing as a learner</li></ul><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Option 3: Health psychology&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;This option looks at how our choices and habits affect our health and why people sometimes make unhealthy decisions even when they know the risks. You'll explore what influences health, learn about common health challenges, and discover ways to encourage healthier lifestyles. It covers how our biology, thoughts, and social environment work together to shape our health, while also considering the sensitive and ethical issues involved. You will explore the psychology behind stress, addiction, obesity, or chronic pain. This option is ideal if you’re interested in understanding the psychological and societal factors behind health behaviours and ways in which issues such as stress or addiction can be tackled.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this topic, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>determinants of health&nbsp;</li><li>health problems&nbsp;</li><li>promoting health&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;<pre><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL</code></pre><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Option 4: Psychology of human relationships&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;caret-color:rgb(0, 0, 0);display:inline !important;float:none;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:auto;text-align:start;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:auto;word-spacing:0px;">This option explores human relationships. You'll learn about how things like hormones, thought processes, and cultural beliefs shape the way we relate to others. You'll learn about social identity, the influence of culture, and ways to build positive relationships while minimizing conflict and violence. This option is ideal if you’re fascinated by how and why people connect, interact, and form relationships. It’s especially valuable for students interested in fields like counselling, human resources, or any career that involves understanding and improving relationships.&nbsp;<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;caret-color:rgb(0, 0, 0);display:inline !important;float:none;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:auto;text-align:start;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:auto;word-spacing:0px;">In this topic, you will cover the following topics:<ul><li>personal relationships&nbsp;</li><li>group dynamics</li><li>social responsibility&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;&nbsp;We hope you found this post helpful. For more useful materials associated with the IB check out the wide variety of <a href="/ia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IA</a>, <a href="/ee" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EE </a>and <a href="/tok" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">TOK </a>exemplars available at <a href="/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify </a>and other guides available on our <a href="/blog" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">blog</a>.&nbsp;

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IB Psychology Options [OLD SYLLABUS]