A vacuum flask contains hot tea. The flask has a double wall with a vacuum between the walls, a shiny inner surface and a plastic stopper.

A fixed mass of ideal gas is heated from $27\ ^\circ\text{C}$ to $177\ ^\circ\text{C}$.

A metal block of mass $0.850\ \text{kg}$ is heated electrically. A $40.0\ \text{W}$ heater is operated for $300\ \text{s}$. The temperature of the block increases from $18.0\ ^\circ\text{C}$ to $32.0\ ^\circ\text{C}$.

A single glass window has area $1.20\ \text{m}^2$ and thickness $4.00\ \text{mm}$. The thermal conductivity of the glass is $0.80\ \text{W m}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$. The temperature of the inside surface is $20.0\ ^\circ\text{C}$ and the temperature of the outside surface is $5.0\ ^\circ\text{C}$.

The emission spectrum of a star is approximated by a black-body spectrum. The peak wavelength of the spectrum is $480\ \text{nm}$.

A student investigates three samples of matter at room temperature. The mass and volume of each sample are shown in the table.

A thermocouple is calibrated by placing one junction in ice water and the other junction in water baths of known temperature. The calibration graph shows the thermocouple potential difference against Celsius temperature.

A small crystal of dye is placed at the bottom of a beaker of water near a heater. The diagram shows the observed motion of the coloured water after heating begins.

A spherical object is modelled as a black body. Its radius is $0.400\ \text{m}$ and its surface temperature is $600\ \text{K}$. Use $\sigma=5.67\times10^{-8}\ \text{W m}^{-2}\text{K}^{-4}$.

A star has luminosity $3.8\times10^{28}\ \text{W}$. The apparent brightness of the star measured at Earth is $1.2\times10^{-8}\ \text{W m}^{-2}$. Assume that the star radiates uniformly in all directions.

A flat layer of insulating material has thickness $6.0\ \text{cm}$, cross-sectional area $2.5\ \text{m}^2$ and thermal conductivity $0.040\ \text{W m}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$. In steady state, the temperature difference across the layer is $18\ \text{K}$.

Energy is supplied at a constant rate to a sample of water initially in the solid phase. The graph shows the temperature of the sample against energy supplied.

Ice at $0^\circ\text{C}$ is added to warm water in a light insulated cup. The table gives the measurements for one trial. Take the specific heat capacity of water to be $4.20\times10^3\ \text{J kg}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$.

A long uniform rod is heated at one end and cooled at the other. The temperature along the rod is measured after steady state has been reached. The cross-sectional area of the rod is $2.0\times10^{-4}\ \text{m}^2$ and the thermal conductivity is $15\ \text{W m}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$.

The graph shows the mean translational kinetic energy per molecule for two different ideal gases as a function of absolute temperature.

A small matt black sphere of radius $5.0\ \text{cm}$ is at a temperature of $500\ \text{K}$. It is treated as a black body and other thermal energy transfer mechanisms are neglected. Use $\sigma=5.67\times10^{-8}\ \text{W m}^{-2}\text{K}^{-4}$.

In an insulated container, $0.150\ \text{kg}$ of ice at $0\ ^\circ\text{C}$ is added to $0.400\ \text{kg}$ of water at $60\ ^\circ\text{C}$. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is $3.34\times10^5\ \text{J kg}^{-1}$ and the specific heat capacity of water is $4200\ \text{J kg}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$.

Two identical metal cans are filled with equal masses of hot water. One can has a matt black surface and the other has a shiny white surface. The cooling curves are shown.

A detector measures the apparent brightness of a star. The distance to the star is determined independently. The table gives the data. Take the luminosity of the Sun to be $3.83\times10^{26}\ \text{W}$.

The graph shows idealized black-body emission spectra for two stars, A and B. The vertical scale is intensity per unit wavelength in arbitrary units.

A sealed cylinder contains helium gas at $18\ ^\circ\text{C}$. The gas is warmed until its temperature is $72\ ^\circ\text{C}$. The cylinder volume is constant.

Two identical metal cans contain equal masses of hot water initially at the same temperature. Can A has a matt black outer surface. Can B has a shiny silver outer surface. Both cans are placed in still air in the same room.

A double-glazed window is modelled as two conducting layers in series: glass and trapped air. The indoor temperature is $293\ \text{K}$ and the outdoor temperature is $273\ \text{K}$. The window area is $1.20\ \text{m}^2$.

A small black metal plate in a vacuum absorbs radiation from a lamp. The plate is thermally isolated except for radiation exchange with surroundings at $295\ \text{K}$. The area of one side is $3.00\times10^{-2}\ \text{m}^2$, and the plate emits radiation from both sides. The absorbed power is $40.0\ \text{W}$ and the emitting area is $3.00\times10^{-2}\ \text{m}^2$. Use $\sigma=5.67\times10^{-8}\ \text{W m}^{-2}\text{K}^{-4}$.

A student determines the specific latent heat of fusion of ice by adding ice at $0\ ^\circ\text{C}$ to water in a light insulated cup. Initially the cup contains $0.240\ \text{kg}$ of water at $34.0\ ^\circ\text{C}$. The final equilibrium temperature is $12.0\ ^\circ\text{C}$. The mass of ice added is $0.058\ \text{kg}$.

The specific heat capacity of water is $4.18\times10^3\ \text{J kg}^{-1}\ \text{K}^{-1}$.

A house wall contains a uniform insulating slab of area $12.0\ \text{m}^2$ and thickness $0.080\ \text{m}$. The inside surface of the slab is at $19\ ^\circ\text{C}$ and the outside surface is at $4\ ^\circ\text{C}$. The thermal conductivity of the slab is $0.040\ \text{W m}^{-1}\ \text{K}^{-1}$.

A $0.150\ \text{kg}$ sample of a solid is heated at a constant rate of $60.0\ \text{W}$. The graph shows the variation of temperature of the sample with time. The sample begins below its melting temperature and later becomes a liquid.

A small spherical asteroid is modelled as a black body of radius $3.0\ \text{m}$ and uniform surface temperature $260\ \text{K}$. Take the Stefan-Boltzmann constant to be $5.67\times10^{-8}\ \text{W m}^{-2}\ \text{K}^{-4}$.

A star is modelled as a spherical black body. Its surface temperature is $5800\ \text{K}$ and its radius is $6.9\times10^8\ \text{m}$. An observer measures its apparent brightness to be $1.4\times10^3\ \text{W m}^{-2}$. Take $\sigma=5.67\times10^{-8}\ \text{W m}^{-2}\ \text{K}^{-4}$.

The black-body emission spectra of two stars, X and Y, are observed. Star X has a peak wavelength of $4.8\times10^{-7}\ \text{m}$. Star Y has a peak wavelength of $7.2\times10^{-7}\ \text{m}$.

In a demonstration, steam at $100\ ^\circ\text{C}$ is passed into $0.500\ \text{kg}$ of water initially at $20.0\ ^\circ\text{C}$ in an insulated container. The final equilibrium temperature is $55.0\ ^\circ\text{C}$. The specific heat capacity of water is $4.18\times10^3\ \text{J kg}^{-1}\ \text{K}^{-1}$. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is $2.26\times10^6\ \text{J kg}^{-1}$.

A thermocouple produces a potential difference $V$ that is used to measure temperature. The thermocouple is calibrated using fixed-temperature baths. Over the range tested, the calibration is assumed to be linear.

A laboratory oven has a flat door of area $0.36\ \text{m}^2$. The door is made of two layers in contact: an inner ceramic layer of thickness $0.012\ \text{m}$ and thermal conductivity $1.5\ \text{W m}^{-1}\ \text{K}^{-1}$, and an outer insulation layer of thickness $0.040\ \text{m}$ and thermal conductivity $0.060\ \text{W m}^{-1}\ \text{K}^{-1}$. The inner surface is at $180\ ^\circ\text{C}$ and the outer surface is at $35\ ^\circ\text{C}$.

A small blackened metal plate of area $0.020\ \text{m}^2$ is in a vacuum chamber. It is heated electrically with constant power $8.0\ \text{W}$. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the plate temperature is $345\ \text{K}$. The surroundings are at $295\ \text{K}$. Assume both faces of the plate radiate as black bodies, so the emitting area is $0.040\ \text{m}^2$. Take $\sigma=5.67\times10^{-8}\ \text{W m}^{-2}\ \text{K}^{-4}$.