Syllabus concepts to know

• G.1 The variety of urban environments
• G.2 Characteristics of urban places, including site, function, land use, hierarchy of settlement (including megacities) and growth process (planned or spontaneous) urban places,
• G.3 Factors affecting the pattern of urban economic activities (retail, commercial, populations and industrial), including physical factors, land values, proximity to a central business economic activities district (CBD) and planning
• G.4 Factors affecting the pattern of residential areas within urban areas, including physical factors, land values, ethnicity and planning
• G.5 The incidence of poverty, deprivation and informal activity (housing and industry) in urban areas at varying stages of development
• G.6 Changing urban systems
• G.7 Urbanization, natural increase and centripetal population movements, including rural–urban migration in industrializing cities, and inner city gentrification in post- industrial cities change over time to
• G.8 Centrifugal population movements, including suburbanization and counter- urban systems urbanization
• G.9 Urban system growth including infrastructure improvements over time, such as transport, sanitation, water, waste disposal and telecommunications
• G.10 Case study of infrastructure growth over time in one city
• G.11 The causes of urban deindustrialization and its economic, social and demographic consequences
• G.12 Urban environmental and social stresses
• G.13 Urban microclimate modification and management, including the urban heat island effect, and air pollution patterns and its management stakeholders in
• G.14 Case study of air pollution in one city and its varying impact on people
• G.15 Traffic congestion patterns, trends and impacts management of,
• G.16 Case study of one affected city and the management response
• G.17 Contested land use changes, including slum clearances, urban redevelopment and the depletion of green space
• G.18 Detailed contrasting examples of two affected neighbourhoods and their populations
• G.19 Managing the impacts of urban social deprivation, including the cycle of deprivation and geographic patterns of crime
• G.20 Building sustainable urban systems for the future
• G.21 Urban growth projections for 2050, including regional/continental patterns and trends of rural–urban migration and changing urban population sizes and structures urban systems
• G.22 Resilient city design, including strategies to manage escalating climatic and geopolitical risks to urban areas
• G.23 Two detailed examples to illustrate possible strategies
• G.24 Eco city design, including strategies to manage the urban ecological footprint
• G.25 Two detailed examples to illustrate possible environmental strategies
• G.26 Smart city design and the use of new technology to run city services and systems, including purpose-built settlements and retrofitting technology to older settlements on (Ev) and Skills (Sk) opportunities
• G.27 How urban changes over time are affected by a place’s economic and demographic spatial interactions with other places [Sy] into the study of the
• G.28 Contrasts in the scale of changes and challenges facing different urban areas above. No additional teaching time is
• G.29 Varying perspectives of different social groups on the costs and benefits of different urban strategies, and priorities for action [Ev]
• G.30 How urban patterns, movements, flows and trends/temporal changes can best be represented graphically [Sk]