Syllabus concepts to know

• D.1 Geophysical systems
• D.2 Mechanisms of plate movement including internal heating, convection currents, plumes, subduction and rifting at plate margins to geophysical
• D.3 Characteristics of volcanoes (shield, composite and cinder) formed by varying events of differing types of volcanic eruption; and associated secondary hazards (pyroclastic flows, type and magnitude lahars, landslides)
• D.4 Characteristics of earthquakes (depth of focus, epicentre and wave types) caused by varying types of plate margin movement and human triggers (dam building, resource extraction); and associated secondary hazards (tsunami, landslides, liquefaction, transverse faults)
• D.5 Classification of mass movement types according to cause (physical and human), liquidity, speed of onset, duration, extent and frequency
• D.6 Geophysical hazard risks
• D.7 The distribution of geophysical hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, mass movements) hazard risks for
• D.8 The relevance of hazard magnitude and frequency/recurrence for risk different places management
• D.9 Geophysical hazard risk as a product of economic factors (levels of development and technology), social factors (education, gender), demographic factors
• D.10 (population density and structure) and political factors (governance)
• D.11 Geographic factors affecting geophysical hazard event impacts, including rural/urban location, time of day and degree of isolation
• D.12 Hazard risk and vulnerability
• D.13 Two contemporary contrasting case studies each for volcanic hazards, earthquake hazards and mass movement hazards (see guidance above) hazards to affect
• D.14 For each geophysical hazard type, the case studies should develop knowledge and understanding of: – geophysical hazard event profiles, including any secondary hazards – varied impacts of these hazards on different aspects of human well- being – why levels of vulnerability varied both between and within communities, including spatial variations in hazard perception, personal knowledge and preparedness
• D.15 Future resilience and adaptation