Syllabus concepts to know

• B.1 Ocean–atmosphere interactions
• B.2 The operation of ocean currents, including their distribution, nutrient and energy transfers and the importance of oceanic conveyor belts
• B.3 Atmosphere–oceanic interactions associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation atmospheric and
• B.4 (ENSO) and La Niña cycles and their climatic, environmental and economic effects ocean systems
• B.5 Detailed examples of the geographic impacts of El Niño and La Niña
• B.6 The formation, distribution and physical impacts of hurricanes on coastal margins, including storm surges
• B.7 Case study of one hurricane and its impacts on coastal places and people
• B.8 The changing role of oceans as a store and source of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs
• B.9 Interactions between oceans and coastal places
• B.10 Physical influences on coastal landscapes, including waves, tides, sediment supply, lithology, vegetation, subaerial processes and wave processes (littoral drift, hydraulic action and abrasion) interactions with
• B.11 The characteristics and formation of coastal landforms of erosion and deposition, oceans including wave cut platform, cliff, stack, spit and beaches
• B.12 Advancing and retreating coastlines, including the role of isostatic and eustatic processes, and the associated landforms (relict cliff, raised beach, fjord)
• B.13 The role of coastal processes, wind and vegetation in sand dune development
• B.14 Managing coastal margins
• B.15 Coastal erosion and flooding management strategies, including cliff line stabilization and managed retreat stakeholders in
• B.16 One coastal management case study focused on the decision-making process and perspectives of different actors
• B.17 Conflicting land-use pressures on coastlines, including commercial land uses
• B.18 (tourism, industry and housing) and conservation measures
• B.19 One case study to illustrate the roles of, and outcomes for, coastal stakeholders
• B.20 Management of coral reefs and mangrove swamps, including different stakeholder perspectives on their use and value
• B.21 Detailed examples of both ecosystems and their issues
• B.22 Sovereignty rights of nations in relation to territorial limits along coastal margins and exclusive economic zones (EEZs)
• B.23 Ocean management futures
• B.24 Causes and consequences of increasing demand for the abiotic resources of oceans, including minerals, oil and gas managing the
• B.25 Trends in biotic resource use (fish and mammals) and the viability of alternatives to oceans as a overfishing, including aquaculture, conservation areas and quotas global commons
• B.26 Strengths and weaknesses of initiatives to manage ocean pollution, including local and global strategies for radioactive materials, oil and plastic waste
• B.27 The strategic value of oceans and sources of international conflict/insecurity, including the contested ownership and control of island, canals and transit choke points
• B.28 One contemporary geopolitical case study focusing on a contested ocean area ation (Ev) and Skills (Sk) opportunities
• B.29 How changes in one part of an ocean or coastal margin may bring spatial interactions with other parts/places [Sy] be integrated into
• B.30 How ocean exploitation and management take place at varying scales [Sy/Ev] the study of the
• B.31 Varying perspectives on the costs, benefits and effectiveness of management [Ev] additional
• B.32 How ocean and atmospheric systems, and their interactions, can be represented graphically [Sk]