Question 1
The graph illustrates urbanization, a process that can alter runoff within drainage basins.
I.
Identify the country with the highest percentage of its population living in urban areas throughout the period shown.
[1]
II.
Estimate the percentage of Indonesia's population living in urban areas in 2022.
[1]
Outline one way urbanization can increase peak river discharge after rainfall.
[2]
I.
Explain how the geology of a drainage basin can influence lag time.
[3]
II.
Explain how one seasonal change can increase peak river discharge.
[3]
Question 2
The graph illustrates urbanization, which can increase exposure to flooding where settlements expand onto floodplains.
I.
Identify the country with the lowest percentage of its population living in urban areas in 2022.
[1]
II.
Estimate the percentage of Nigeria's population living in urban areas in 1990.
[1]
Outline one way urban expansion onto floodplains can increase the impacts of river flooding, even if peak discharge remains unchanged.
[2]
Explain two ways human activities can alter the physical flood hazard within a drainage basin.
[6]
Question 3
The map illustrates the use of large-scale structural measures to mitigate coastal and river flooding.
I.
Identify the named flood defence shown furthest west.
[1]
II.
State the compass direction from Oosterscheldekering to Maeslantkering.
[1]
Outline one way in which a flood-control barrier or dam can reduce flood risk.
[2]
I.
Explain how afforestation can reduce flood risk within a drainage basin.
[3]
II.
Explain how flood warning technology can reduce the impacts of flooding.
[3]
Question 4
To what extent do geology and seasonality determine the characteristics of storm hydrographs?
[10]
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Question 5
The map illustrates the geographical distribution of engineered flood defences protecting low-lying land and major settlements.
I.
Identify the named body of water west of the mapped flood defences.
[1]
II.
Identify the southernmost named Delta Works flood defence shown.
[1]
Outline one limitation of relying on structural flood defences.
[2]
Explain how two planning measures can reduce the impacts of flooding.
[6]
Question 6
Examine the view that channel modifications redistribute flood risk within a drainage basin rather than reduce it.
[10]
Question 7
Evaluate the reliability of attempts to predict river flooding.
[10]
Question 8
To what extent does urbanization increase flood risk more than deforestation?
[10]
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Question 9
Examine why flood preparation and personal insurance may benefit some communities more than others.
[10]
Question 10
Using two contrasting detailed examples, evaluate the effectiveness of structural and planning measures for flood mitigation in drainage basins.
[10]
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