Question 1
Refer to the graph, which illustrates international differences in freshwater availability.
I.
Identify the country with the highest internal renewable freshwater resources per person.
[1]
II.
Estimate South Africa’s internal renewable freshwater resources per person, in cubic metres.
[1]
Outline one climatic reason why a country may have low internal renewable freshwater resources.
[2]
Explain two reasons why internationally shared water resources may become a source of conflict.
[6]
Question 2
Refer to the graph, which provides one measure of countries’ freshwater resource availability.
I.
Estimate Spain’s internal renewable freshwater resources per person, in cubic metres.
[1]
II.
Estimate India’s internal renewable freshwater resources per person, in cubic metres.
[1]
Outline one reason why a country with abundant freshwater resources may still experience economic water scarcity.
[2]
I.
Explain how excessive groundwater abstraction may cause saltwater intrusion into a coastal aquifer.
[3]
II.
Explain how drought may reduce electricity production at a hydroelectric power station.
[3]
Question 3
Refer to the map and chart, which illustrate the occurrence of hypoxia in a coastal water body.
I.
State the US state lying north of most of the coloured offshore area.
[1]
II.
Estimate the area of hypoxia recorded in 2023.
[1]
Outline one possible economic impact of hypoxia on fishing communities.
[2]
I.
Explain how agricultural nutrient pollution may lead to hypoxia in a water body.
[3]
II.
Explain how irrigation may cause soil salinization.
[3]
Question 4
Examine why droughts of similar duration can have different impacts on people in different places.
[10]
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Question 5
Refer to the map and chart, which illustrate spatial and temporal variations in coastal hypoxia.
Identify the year with the largest recorded area of hypoxia and the labelled river closest to the eastern end of the darkest-red offshore area.
[2]
Outline one reason why hypoxia may develop near the mouths of major rivers.
[2]
Explain two ways in which economic growth may increase pressure on lakes and aquifers.
[6]
Question 6
Evaluate the view that economic water scarcity is easier to reduce than physical water scarcity.
[10]
Question 7
Evaluate the success of strategies used by different stakeholders to reduce the environmental consequences of agriculture for water quality.
[10]
Question 8
To what extent is population migration more important than economic growth in increasing human pressures on lakes and aquifers?
[10]
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Question 9
Examine how agricultural activities can affect water quality in places distant from the farms where they occur.
[10]
Question 10
With reference to one internationally shared water resource, examine why attempts by stakeholders to resolve conflict may be only partly successful.
[10]
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