4.1
Benefits of international trade
Free trade, Trade diagrams, Gains from trade, Comparative advantage, Specialization
4.10
Economic growth and/or development strategies
Trade strategies, Market-oriented reform, Government intervention, FDI and aid, Institutional change, Sustainable Development Goals
4.2
Types of trade protection
Tariffs, Import quotas, Production and export subsidies, Administrative barriers, Stakeholder effects, Welfare calculations
4.3
Arguments for and against trade control/protection
Infant industries, Strategic protection, Employment, Efficiency, Retaliation, Free trade
4.4
Economic integration
Preferential trade agreements, Trading blocs, Trade creation and diversion, Monetary union, WTO
4.5
Exchange rates
Currency demand and supply, Exchange-rate systems, Appreciation and depreciation, Macroeconomic consequences
4.6
Balance of payments
Credits and debits, Current capital and financial accounts, Exchange rates, Current account imbalances, Marshall-Lerner condition, J-curve
4.7
Sustainable development
Intergenerational equity, Sustainable Development Goals, poverty and environmental degradation
4.8
Measuring development
Multidimensional development, Single indicators, Composite indices, Measurement limitations, Growth–development relationship
4.9
Barriers to economic growth and/or development
Poverty cycles, Economic barriers, Institutional weaknesses, Inequality, Context and significance
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