Question 1
The map illustrates the distribution of contrasting extreme climates.
I.
Identify the climate code occupying most of the Sahara.
[1]
II.
Identify the principal climate code in the interior of Greenland.
[1]
Outline one reason why hot arid climates occupy extensive areas of northern Africa.
[2]
I.
Explain one way human discomfort creates a challenge for permanent habitation in cold extreme environments.
[3]
II.
Explain one way remoteness creates a challenge for mineral extraction in extreme environments.
[3]
Question 2
The map illustrates the uneven global extent of hot arid climates.
I.
Identify the continent containing the largest continuous area shaded BWh.
[1]
II.
Identify one continent in the southern hemisphere, other than Africa, with an extensive area shaded BWh.
[1]
Outline one difficulty that unreliable rainfall creates for rain-fed farming in hot arid environments.
[2]
Explain two characteristics of the land surface that can increase flash-flood risk in hot arid environments.
[6]
Question 3
The map illustrates changes in the extent of a mountain glacier.
I.
Identify the mapped year in which the glacier occupied the largest area.
[1]
II.
State the general compass direction in which the northern glacier margin retreated between 1966 and 2015.
[1]
Outline one way reduced snowfall can contribute to glacier retreat.
[2]
Explain two ways relief creates challenges for developing mineral resources in high mountain environments.
[6]
Question 4
The map illustrates spatial variation in the retreat of a glacier margin.
I.
Identify which side of the glacier, northern or eastern, has the greater separation between the 1966 and 2015 margins.
[1]
II.
State whether the 1966 and 2015 margins along the eastern side are generally close together or widely separated.
[1]
Suggest one reason why different parts of a glacier margin may retreat by different amounts.
[2]
I.
Explain how a glacier can continue to flow downslope while its terminus retreats.
[3]
II.
Explain one feedback through which vegetation loss can reinforce natural desertification.
[3]
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Question 5
To what extent does latitude explain the global distribution of cold environments and hot arid environments?
[10]
Question 6
To what extent are rainfall characteristics more important than relief in determining flash-flood risk in hot arid environments?
[10]
Question 7
To what extent is climate the greatest challenge to human habitation and resource development in extreme environments?
[10]
Question 8
Examine how changes in temperature and precipitation alter the extent of glaciers and hot arid environments over time.
[10]
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Question 9
Examine why the challenges of permanent habitation may differ from those of resource development in extreme environments.
[10]
Question 10
Examine why the boundaries of extreme environments do not change uniformly over space and time.
[10]
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