Question 1
Refer to the map showing surface ocean circulation.
Describe the pattern of surface-current circulation in the South Atlantic Ocean.
[2]
Outline one reason why surface ocean currents do not flow in straight lines.
[2]
Explain two ways in which ocean currents can affect coastal environments or livelihoods.
[6]
Question 2
Refer to the map showing warm and cold surface ocean currents.
I.
Identify the named warm current flowing north-eastwards through the western North Atlantic Ocean.
[1]
II.
State whether the current along the west coast of southern Africa is classified as warm or cold.
[1]
Outline one way in which a cold ocean current can influence the climate of an adjacent coastal area.
[2]
Explain two ways in which changes in temperature or salinity can alter deep-water formation in oceanic conveyor belts.
[6]
Question 3
Refer to panel (f) of the graph showing the ocean’s role as a carbon sink.
I.
Using the black line, estimate annual ocean carbon uptake in 1960, in .
[1]
II.
Using the black line, estimate annual ocean carbon uptake in 2020, in .
[1]
Outline one reason why annual ocean carbon uptake can increase.
[2]
I.
Explain one way in which ocean warming can weaken the ocean carbon sink.
[3]
II.
Explain one way in which ocean acidification can damage coral reefs.
[3]
Question 4
Refer to panel (f) of the graph showing changes in ocean carbon uptake.
I.
State the overall direction of change in annual ocean carbon uptake shown by the black line.
[1]
II.
Identify the approximate period of declining ocean carbon uptake that leads to the trough just after 2000.
[1]
Outline one effect of increased ocean uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs.
[2]
Explain two physical characteristics of coastal margins that can increase the extent of inundation caused by a hurricane storm surge.
[6]
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Question 5
Examine the importance of ocean currents for transferring energy and nutrients between different places.
[10]
Question 6
With reference to one hurricane, to what extent was storm surge responsible for its impacts on coastal places and people?
[10]
Question 7
Examine why the economic consequences of ENSO events vary between places.
[10]
Question 8
To what extent do El Niño and La Niña produce opposite environmental and economic effects?
[10]
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Question 9
Examine how increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide changes the role of oceans in carbon storage and affects coral reefs.
[10]
Question 10
To what extent do ocean temperatures explain the formation and distribution of hurricanes?
[10]
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