Question 1
The photograph illustrates the interaction between vegetation cover and coastal dune development.
I.
Identify the type of vegetation covering the dune crests.
[1]
II.
Identify the part of the landscape where vegetation cover is least continuous.
[1]
Outline one reason why dry beach sand is more easily transported by wind than wet beach sand.
[2]
I.
Explain how onshore winds contribute to the formation of coastal sand dunes.
[3]
II.
Explain how the decay of vegetation contributes to the development of older coastal dunes.
[3]
Question 2
The graph illustrates eustatic sea-level change following the last glacial maximum.
I.
Using the black reconstructed curve, estimate sea level relative to the present approximately 20 000 years ago.
[1]
II.
Identify the approximate interval during which the black reconstructed curve shows its steepest sustained rise.
[1]
Outline one reason why global sea level rises following a glacial period.
[2]
Explain two physical factors that influence the rate of coastal cliff retreat.
[6]
Question 3
The graph provides evidence of sea-level changes that can alter the position of coastlines.
I.
Using the black reconstructed curve, estimate sea level relative to the present approximately 15 000 years ago.
[1]
II.
Using the black reconstructed curve, estimate sea level relative to the present approximately 10 000 years ago.
[1]
Outline one reason why relative sea level may fall along a coastline while global sea level is rising.
[2]
I.
Explain how a raised beach forms.
[3]
II.
Explain how a fjord forms.
[3]
Question 4
The photograph illustrates wind erosion and deposition within a coastal dune landscape.
I.
Identify one visible surface feature within the blowout that indicates wind erosion or sediment movement.
[1]
II.
Identify where sand has accumulated around small obstacles within the blowout.
[1]
Outline one way in which a gap in dune vegetation can cause a blowout to enlarge.
[2]
Explain two physical factors that favour the formation of beaches.
[6]
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Question 5
To what extent is lithology more important than wave energy in determining coastal landscapes?
[10]
Question 6
Examine the importance of sediment supply and sediment transport in the formation of beaches and spits.
[10]
Question 7
To what extent is vegetation the most important influence on the development of coastal sand dunes?
[10]
Question 8
Examine how marine and subaerial processes interact in the development of coastal cliffs.
[10]
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Question 9
To what extent do eustatic processes explain why some coastlines advance while others retreat?
[10]
Question 10
Examine how interactions between coastal processes, wind and vegetation influence the recovery of coastal sand dunes after storms.
[10]
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