State the taxonomic rank immediately above genus in the traditional hierarchy.

Explain why the traditional hierarchy can cause disagreement in this situation.

Explain one advantage of classification that corresponds to evolutionary relationships in this example.

Define a clade.

Distinguish between a clade and a group of organisms that are only similar in appearance.

State the three domains in the three-domain system.

Outline why rRNA base sequences were useful evidence for this reclassification.

Identify the most specific taxonomic rank reached with certainty for the specimen.

Explain one reason why classifying the specimen facilitates further study.

Suggest why the specimen should not be assigned to a species using only the observations shown.

State whether the evolutionary relationships shown in drawing 1 and drawing 2 are the same.

Explain why rotating branches around a node does not change the cladogram's meaning.

Deduce why the horizontal distance between two terminal branches should not be used to estimate divergence time in these drawings.

Calculate the estimated time since the two species diverged.

Suggest two reasons why the molecular clock only gives an estimate of divergence time.

Identify the two species that are most closely related according to the amino acid sequences.

Explain how amino acid sequence data can be used to construct a cladogram.

Explain how cladistics can falsify a traditional classification based on morphology.

State one reason why morphology may have suggested an incorrect classification.

Suggest why morphological traits may be used to assign this fossil to a clade.

State one reason why this assignment should be regarded as tentative.

Identify the sister taxa in the cladogram.

Deduce which taxon, P or Q, is more closely related to T. Give a reason.

State why the equal-looking terminal branch lengths should not be used to estimate time since divergence.

Describe the pattern of genetic divergence shown in the graph.

Using the graph, explain why assigning fixed taxonomic ranks may be difficult.

State the alternative classification approach that avoids forcing every group into fixed ranks.

Identify the clade in which the alkaloid is most frequent.

Explain how a classification corresponding to evolutionary relationships can help predict the result for a newly discovered species in this group.

Evaluate why the prediction should be treated as a hypothesis rather than a certainty.

Identify the pair of living taxa most strongly supported as belonging to the same clade by the DNA evidence.

Compare the value of DNA sequence evidence and morphological evidence for assigning these organisms to clades.

Suggest why the fossil taxon cannot be placed in a clade with the same confidence as the living taxa.

Identify the pair of taxa that share the most recent common ancestor.

State what node 1 represents.

Deduce whether group Y is a clade.

Identify the domain containing the animal and fungus.

Describe the rRNA evidence supporting separation of Bacteria and Archaea into different domains.

Explain why the three-domain system was a revolutionary reclassification.

Identify the pair of taxa that share the most recent common ancestor.

State what a node represents in a cladogram.

Deduce whether taxa C, D and E form a clade. Give a reason.

State which cladogram would be selected by parsimony analysis.

Explain the reason for this choice.

Evaluate one limitation of using parsimony analysis alone to infer evolutionary relationships.

Estimate the divergence time for the uncalibrated species pair using the line of best fit.

Explain why this molecular clock gives an estimate rather than an exact divergence time.

Suggest one way to improve confidence in the divergence time estimate.

Identify the cladogram selected by parsimony analysis.

Explain why parsimony analysis selects this cladogram.

Suggest why a different gene might support a different cladogram.

Identify the pair of species that most likely share the most recent common ancestor.

Deduce which species is most likely sister to the clade containing species A and B.

Explain how the amino acid data can be used to construct a cladogram.

Suggest one limitation of using this single protein to infer the full evolutionary history of the insects.

Identify the domain to which the hot spring microorganism should be assigned.

Justify the classification using evidence from the table.

Suggest why rRNA is useful for classifying all cellular organisms into domains.

Explain why classification based only on external morphology may be misleading in this case.

Discuss why any predictions made from the mammal's classification should be treated as hypotheses rather than certainties.

Discuss one advantage and one limitation of using evolutionary classification to predict characteristics of organisms.

Evaluate whether the plant should be classified using morphology alone, molecular data alone or both types of evidence.

Analyse the cladogram to determine which two taxa share the most recent common ancestor. Explain your answer.

Explain why the horizontal distance between bats and primates on this diagram should not be used to estimate divergence time.

Explain how rRNA evidence changed the classification of organisms formerly grouped together as prokaryotes.

Discuss why the three-domain system is described as a revolutionary reclassification.

Describe the evidence that the traditional Scrophulariaceae shown is not a single clade.

Suggest one taxonomic revision supported by the molecular cladogram.

Explain how convergent evolution could have contributed to the traditional classification being falsified.

Compare and contrast traditional ranked taxonomy with cladistics as approaches to classification.

Discuss why the adoption of cladistics can be considered a paradigm shift in biological classification.

Explain why a morphological trait and a molecular sequence may provide different levels of confidence when assigning organisms to clades.

Discuss why extinct organisms can be included in clades even when DNA sequences are unavailable.

Explain why greater numbers of sequence differences are usually interpreted as evidence of earlier divergence.

Evaluate two limitations of using this molecular clock to estimate divergence times for the four fish species.

Discuss how convergent evolution could have led to the original morphology-based classification.

Evaluate the claim that molecular cladistics falsifies the original classification rather than merely providing another equally valid grouping.

Compare the use of DNA base sequences and amino acid sequences as evidence for constructing cladograms.

Evaluate what researchers should do before accepting either cladogram as the best hypothesis of primate relationships.

Discuss the value of including extinct taxa when reconstructing the evolution of whales.

Evaluate why reduced hind limbs in living whales should not be interpreted as evidence that they are outside the mammal clade.

Using the data, deduce which of the three cladograms is most strongly supported by parsimony. Give a reason for your answer.

Evaluate why different criteria for judgement could lead researchers to prefer a different cladogram from the same sequence alignment.

Explain two biological reasons why mitochondrial and nuclear DNA might give different divergence estimates.

Evaluate how the researchers should treat the disagreement between the two divergence-time estimates.