Question 1
The anthropogenic source most directly associated with increased atmospheric methane is
A.
reforestation of land that was previously cleared.
B.
anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in landfill sites.
C.
photosynthesis by crop plants in agricultural fields.
D.
weathering of exposed rock after glacier retreat.
Question 2
Antarctic ice-core records are used to compare atmospheric concentration and global temperature over long time scales.
The valid conclusion from the relationship shown is
A.
there is no relationship, because the two variables have different units.
B.
there is a positive correlation, but the graph alone does not prove causation.
C.
there is proof from the graph alone that temperature controls all change.
D.
there is a negative correlation, because temperature falls as rises.
Question 3
The loss of reflective snow and ice can act as a positive feedback in global warming because it
A.
increases photosynthesis, so more carbon dioxide is released.
B.
decreases evaporation, so less water vapour enters the atmosphere.
C.
increases albedo, so more infrared radiation is absorbed by ice.
D.
decreases albedo, so darker surfaces absorb more solar radiation.
Question 4
Early breakout of Antarctic landfast ice is most likely to reduce emperor penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri, breeding success because
A.
sea ice loss increases the availability of protected nesting sites.
B.
eggs or chicks may be lost before they can survive in the water.
C.
chicks require floating pack ice to hatch under water.
D.
adults cannot leave landfast ice to feed in the ocean.
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Question 5
A phenological event in deciduous trees is
A.
polymerization of cellulose in a cell wall.
B.
hydrolysis of starch during seed respiration.
C.
diffusion of oxygen through stomatal pores.
D.
budburst at the start of the growing season.
Question 6
Warmer conditions can increase damage caused by spruce bark beetles such as Ips typographus because they
A.
complete development faster, allowing more generations within a year.
B.
stop feeding under bark and switch to feeding only on leaves.
C.
increase resin production in host spruce trees.
D.
become unable to reproduce until the following spring.
Question 7
Emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri, breed on Antarctic landfast ice.
State what is meant by landfast ice.
[1]
Suggest two ways in which early breakout of landfast ice could reduce breeding success in emperor penguins.
[2]
Question 8
In boreal forests, a shift from net carbon accumulation to net carbon loss is most directly associated with
A.
higher winter snowfall, lower drought frequency and increased canopy greenness.
B.
reduced decomposition, fewer fires and greater storage of soil organic matter.
C.
forest browning, increased fire intensity and combustion of legacy carbon.
D.
rapid peat formation, increased waterlogging and lower aerobic respiration.
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Question 9
The sequence linking increased atmospheric to potential coral reef ecosystem collapse is best represented by
A.
more dissolved , lower pH, fewer carbonate ions, reduced calcification and loss of reef structure.
B.
more dissolved , unchanged pH, more symbiotic algae and increased coral reproduction.
C.
less dissolved , lower pH, more carbonate ions, reduced calcification and reef expansion.
D.
more dissolved , higher pH, more carbonate ions, faster calcification and loss of reef structure.
Question 10
A study of a deciduous tree species found a high value when spring temperature was used to predict budburst date, but a low value when photoperiod was used.
The best interpretation is that
A.
photoperiod explains more variation because it changes unpredictably between years.
B.
budburst date is unrelated to either variable because values compare units.
C.
temperature cannot be a phenological cue because it is an abiotic factor.
D.
spring temperature explains more variation in budburst date than photoperiod in this study.
Question 11
Warming can disrupt synchrony between Arctic mouse-ear chickweed, Cerastium arcticum, and migrating reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, when
A.
plant spring growth advances with temperature but reindeer migration does not advance by the same amount.
B.
reindeer arrive earlier and young plant growth peaks later in all years.
C.
both plant growth and reindeer migration advance equally in warm years.
D.
plant growth is controlled only by photoperiod and reindeer migration is controlled only by rainfall.
Question 12
A long-term study in a north European forest records the date of peak caterpillar biomass and the date when great tit, Parus major, chicks require most food.
The pattern that gives the strongest evidence of disrupted synchrony is
A.
both peaks remain on the same date throughout the study.
B.
both peaks shift earlier by the same number of days each decade.
C.
the caterpillar peak shifts earlier faster than the peak food demand of chicks.
D.
the chick food-demand peak always occurs before eggs are laid.
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Question 13
Ice-core records can be used to compare atmospheric concentration with estimated global temperature over long periods of time.
State the type of correlation shown between atmospheric concentration and estimated global temperature.
[1]
Explain how an anthropogenic increase in atmospheric can contribute to global warming.
[2]
Explain why the correlation in the ice-core record alone does not prove causation.
[1]
Question 14
Loss of reflective snow and ice is one positive feedback cycle involved in global warming.
Define albedo.
[1]
Outline how loss of snow and ice acts as a positive feedback in global warming.
[2]
Question 15
Restoration of peat-forming wetlands is one approach to carbon sequestration.
Define carbon sequestration.
[1]
Outline two features of peatland restoration that can increase carbon storage.
[2]
Suggest one reason why rewilding with native species may be preferred to planting a monoculture of non-native trees.
[1]
Question 16
Researchers investigated the timing of budburst in a deciduous tree species in relation to spring temperature and photoperiod.
Obs | Spring temperature / | Photoperiod / h | Budburst date / day of year |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5.0 | 12.8 | 126 |
2 | 6.2 | 12.9 | 123 |
3 | 7.1 | 12.7 | 120 |
4 | 8.0 | 12.8 | 117 |
5 | 9.2 | 12.9 | 114 |
6 | 10.1 | 12.8 | 112 |
7 | 11.0 | 12.7 | 109 |
8 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 105 |
Define phenology.
[1]
Identify the variable that is the stronger predictor of budburst date in the data.
[1]
Explain why climate change may shift budburst date more than it shifts a photoperiod cue.
[2]
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Question 17
The graph shows changes in atmospheric methane concentration and mean global temperature anomaly during a period of rapid industrial and agricultural development.
Describe the relationship between atmospheric methane concentration and mean global temperature anomaly shown in the graph.
[1]
State one anthropogenic source of methane that could contribute to the trend shown.
[1]
Explain why the correlation in the graph does not, by itself, prove that methane caused the temperature change.
[2]
Question 18
Milder winters with reduced snow cover can lead to evolution in tawny owl, Strix aluco, populations when
A.
grey owls become more camouflaged and alleles for brown plumage increase in frequency.
B.
brown colour variants have higher fitness and alleles associated with brown plumage increase in frequency.
C.
all individual owls change from grey to brown plumage during their lifetime.
D.
snow cover decreases but survival and reproduction are equal for all colour variants.
Question 19
Boreal forests can change from net carbon accumulation to net carbon loss after a threshold is crossed.
State what is meant by net carbon loss in a forest ecosystem.
[1]
Explain how warmer temperatures and decreased winter snowfall can reduce primary production in taiga.
[2]
Outline why severe forest fires can contribute to a tipping point in boreal forests.
[1]
Question 20
The diagram shows a coastal ocean system in which nutrient-rich deep water can reach the sunlit surface.
Define upwelling.
[1]
Explain how climate change can decrease nutrient supply to surface waters.
[2]
Predict the effect of reduced upwelling on marine food chains.
[1]
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Question 21
Coral reefs can be affected by both increased atmospheric concentration and increased ocean temperature.
Outline how increased atmospheric can suppress calcification in corals.
[2]
State the effect of increased water temperature on many corals.
[1]
Suggest why loss of reef-building corals can lead to ecosystem collapse.
[1]
Question 22
In the Arctic, spring growth of Arctic mouse-ear chickweed, Cerastium arcticum, is influenced by temperature. Migration timing of reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, may be influenced more strongly by photoperiod.
State what is meant by synchrony of phenological events.
[1]
Explain how climate change can disrupt synchrony between chickweed growth and reindeer arrival.
[2]
Suggest one possible consequence of this mismatch for the reindeer population.
[1]
Question 23
The graph shows the mean date of peak caterpillar biomass and the mean date of peak food demand by great tit, Parus major, chicks in a north European forest over several decades.
Describe the change in timing shown in the graph.
[1]
Explain why this change can reduce survival of great tit chicks.
[2]
Suggest why the two events may respond differently to climate change.
[1]
Question 24
Spruce bark beetles, such as Ips typographus, develop under tree bark. Their development rate is affected by temperature.
State how warming can affect the number of spruce bark beetle life cycles completed in a year.
[1]
Explain why warmer conditions can lead to larger bark beetle outbreaks.
[2]
Suggest one way climate change can make host trees more vulnerable to beetle attack.
[1]
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Question 25
Tawny owls, Strix aluco, occur in heritable grey and brown colour variants. Snow cover during winter has decreased in some parts of their range.
Define fitness in an evolutionary context.
[1]
Explain how reduced snow cover could change the frequency of tawny owl colour variants.
[2]
State why this is an example of evolution as a consequence of climate change.
[1]
Question 26
A satellite study measured summer sea-ice cover and the proportion of incoming solar radiation absorbed by the Arctic surface.
Describe the relationship between summer sea-ice cover and absorption of solar radiation shown in the graph.
[1]
State the term used for the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected by a surface.
[1]
Explain how the relationship shown can form a positive feedback cycle in global warming.
[2]
Question 27
The data show the date of landfast ice breakout near an emperor penguin colony and the percentage of chicks surviving to fledging in the same breeding seasons.
Describe the relationship between the timing of landfast ice breakout and chick survival.
[1]
State the scientific name of the emperor penguin.
[1]
Explain why early breakout of landfast ice can reduce breeding success in emperor penguins.
[2]
Question 28
Oceanographers compared years with weak and strong surface-water stratification in a coastal upwelling ecosystem. Nutrient concentration near the surface, phytoplankton abundance and fish larval abundance were recorded.
Stratification | Surface nitrate / mol L | Phytoplankton abundance / a.u. | Fish larval abundance / a.u. |
|---|---|---|---|
Weak stratification | 6.0 | 140 | 22 |
Strong stratification | 1.2 | 60 | 8 |
Compare surface nitrate concentration in weakly stratified and strongly stratified conditions.
[1]
Outline why strong stratification can reduce nutrient upwelling.
[1]
Suggest how the change in upwelling could affect energy flow through the marine food chain.
[2]
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Question 29
A long-term study of a deciduous tree species tested whether spring budburst was better predicted by mean spring temperature or by photoperiod. The same trees were monitored at sites of different latitude.
Site | Latitude / N | Mean spring temperature / | Photoperiod / h | Budburst date / day of year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 35 | 15.0 | 12.4 | 57 |
2 | 38 | 13.8 | 12.6 | 61 |
3 | 41 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 66 |
4 | 44 | 11.4 | 12.8 | 70 |
5 | 47 | 10.2 | 12.7 | 74 |
6 | 50 | 9.0 | 13.0 | 79 |
7 | 53 | 7.8 | 12.9 | 83 |
8 | 56 | 6.6 | 13.1 | 88 |
State what is meant by budburst.
[1]
Identify which variable is the stronger predictor of budburst in this study, using the values.
[1]
Evaluate the use of these data to predict future budburst dates under climate change.
[2]
Question 30
Laboratory and field data were combined to estimate the number of spruce bark beetle generations that could be completed in one year under different mean summer temperatures.
Describe the effect of increasing mean summer temperature on the predicted number of spruce bark beetle generations per year.
[1]
State one accepted scientific name for a spruce bark beetle used as an example in this topic.
[1]
Explain why warmer conditions can increase the risk of bark beetle outbreaks.
[2]
Question 31
A long-term phenology study compared flowering date in a plant species with mean spring temperature. The researchers also recorded day length on the date of flowering.
Predictor | |
|---|---|
Mean spring temperature () | 0.84 |
Day length on flowering date (h) | 0.31 |
State what the value indicates in this phenology study.
[1]
Evaluate the conclusion that temperature is the only cue controlling flowering date.
[3]
Question 32
Researchers monitored a boreal forest over several decades. The data compare winter snowfall, drought stress, canopy greenness and the annual net carbon balance of the forest. Negative net carbon balance values indicate net carbon loss from the forest ecosystem.
Year | Winter snowfall / cm | Drought stress / index | Canopy greenness / index | Net carbon balance / |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 210 | 0.10 | 0.86 | 180 |
1985 | 205 | 0.12 | 0.85 | 165 |
1990 | 198 | 0.14 | 0.84 | 150 |
1995 | 188 | 0.18 | 0.82 | 120 |
2000 | 170 | 0.24 | 0.79 | 85 |
2005 | 150 | 0.33 | 0.74 | 20 |
2010 | 128 | 0.47 | 0.67 | -35 |
2015 | 104 | 0.61 | 0.60 | -90 |
2020 | 90 | 0.72 | 0.54 | -125 |
Identify the change in the forest carbon balance shown in the later years of the study.
[1]
Using the data, outline one reason why primary production may have decreased.
[1]
Explain how increased fire frequency or intensity could contribute to the negative net carbon balance.
[2]
Suggest why this change can be described as a tipping point.
[1]
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Question 33
A reef monitoring programme recorded seawater pH, mean summer water temperature, coral calcification rate and bleaching frequency at several reef sites.
Reef site | Seawater pH | Mean summer water temperature / | Calcification rate / kg m yr | Bleaching frequency / % | Reef species richness / number of species |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site 1 | 8.18 | 27.1 | 4.7 | 4 | 34 |
Site 2 | 8.12 | 27.8 | 4.2 | 7 | 31 |
Site 3 | 8.04 | 28.5 | 3.6 | 15 | 27 |
Site 4 | 7.97 | 29.2 | 2.8 | 28 | 22 |
Site 5 | 7.89 | 29.8 | 1.9 | 45 | 15 |
Site 6 | 7.81 | 30.4 | 1.0 | 66 | 8 |
Describe the relationship between seawater pH and coral calcification rate shown in scatter plot A.
[1]
Explain why increased atmospheric carbon dioxide can suppress calcification in corals.
[2]
Using the data, suggest how climate change could lead to reef ecosystem collapse.
[2]
Question 34
In a north European forest, researchers recorded the date of peak caterpillar biomass and the date when great tit chicks had their maximum food demand. The study compared years with cool springs and warm springs.
Describe how synchrony between caterpillar biomass and chick food demand differs between cool and warm springs.
[1]
State the scientific name of the great tit.
[1]
Explain how climate change can disrupt synchrony in this example.
[2]
Suggest one consequence of reduced synchrony for the great tit population.
[1]
Question 35
A tundra study followed the spring growth of Arctic mouse-ear chickweed and the arrival of migrating reindeer at calving grounds over a period of warming springs.
Identify the phenological event that shifted most in the data.
[1]
State the scientific names of the plant and animal in this example.
[1]
Suggest why warming springs could cause the plant and reindeer events to become mismatched.
[1]
Explain why the mismatch could reduce calf survival.
[1]
Question 36
Researchers investigated bud set in a deciduous tree species by growing cloned saplings in controlled chambers. Saplings were exposed to two temperature treatments and two photoperiod treatments. The response variable was the day on which bud set occurred.
Identify the factor with the larger effect on bud set in this experiment.
[1]
Outline why using cloned saplings strengthens the experimental design.
[1]
Evaluate the conclusion that future warming alone will strongly delay bud set in this species.
[2]
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Question 37
Antarctic ice cores contain air bubbles that can be analysed to estimate past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Other measurements from the same ice cores can be used to estimate past temperature change.
I.
Distinguish between positive correlation and causation using the ice-core data as an example.
[2]
II.
Explain why the ice-core data support investigation of a link between carbon dioxide and climate change but do not, by themselves, prove the link.
[1]
Explain how increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane can increase global mean temperature.
[2]
Evaluate the claim that reducing methane emissions from agriculture is less important than reducing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels.
[2]
Question 38
Polar organisms use ice as habitat. Emperor penguins breed on Antarctic landfast ice, whereas walruses in the Arctic use sea ice as resting habitat between feeding trips.
I.
Compare how ice provides habitat for emperor penguins and walruses.
[2]
II.
Explain why early breakout of landfast ice can reduce emperor penguin breeding success.
[2]
Explain two possible consequences of sea ice loss for walrus populations.
[2]
Discuss why polar habitat change can affect population size even if adults are not immediately killed by warming.
[2]
Question 39
Researchers recorded budburst dates in a deciduous tree species over many years. They compared budburst date with mean spring temperature and with photoperiod on the date of budburst.
Year | Mean spring temp / | Budburst date / day of year | Photoperiod at budburst / h |
|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 7.9 | 115 | 13.3 |
2015 | 8.4 | 113 | 13.4 |
2016 | 8.8 | 112 | 13.5 |
2017 | 9.2 | 110 | 13.6 |
2018 | 9.7 | 108 | 13.7 |
2019 | 10.1 | 107 | 13.8 |
2020 | 10.6 | 105 | 13.8 |
2021 | 11.0 | 104 | 13.9 |
2022 | 11.6 | 102 | 13.9 |
2023 | 12.1 | 100 | 14.0 |
I.
Interpret what a high value for spring temperature and budburst date indicates.
[2]
II.
State why photoperiod is a reliable seasonal cue but is not shifted by climate change.
[1]
Explain why phenological research often measures both temperature and photoperiod.
[2]
Evaluate the conclusion that this tree species will always respond adaptively to warmer springs by earlier budburst.
[2]
Question 40
A population of tawny owls contains grey and brown colour variants. Researchers recorded winter snow cover, survival of each variant and the frequency of brown individuals in the breeding population over several decades.
Year | Winter snow cover / days | Grey survival / % | Brown survival / % | Brown in breeding population / % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 56 | 82 | 68 | 18 |
1980 | 48 | 79 | 72 | 23 |
1990 | 37 | 74 | 77 | 31 |
2000 | 27 | 69 | 82 | 44 |
2010 | 16 | 64 | 87 | 58 |
2020 | 9 | 60 | 90 | 71 |
Describe the change in the frequency of brown tawny owls shown in the data.
[1]
State the scientific name of the tawny owl.
[1]
Explain how reduced snow cover could change the fitness of the two colour variants.
[2]
Explain why the data are evidence for evolution as a consequence of climate change.
[1]
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Question 41
The diagram shows three possible positive feedback cycles associated with global warming.
I.
Explain how loss of snow and ice can amplify global warming.
[2]
II.
Explain how warming of ocean water can form a positive feedback cycle.
[2]
Explain how thawing permafrost can increase atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
[2]
Discuss how drought and forest fire can act as a positive feedback in global warming.
[2]
Question 42
A boreal forest was monitored for canopy greenness, annual primary production and carbon released by fire. Researchers suggest that the forest is approaching a tipping point from net carbon accumulation to net carbon loss.
Year | Canopy greenness (NDVI) | Annual primary production (g C m yr) | Drought index (a.u.) | Carbon released by fire (g C m yr) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 0.82 | 610 | 0.22 | 18 |
2005 | 0.79 | 585 | 0.28 | 22 |
2010 | 0.75 | 555 | 0.35 | 40 |
2015 | 0.69 | 510 | 0.46 | 95 |
2020 | 0.62 | 455 | 0.61 | 420 |
I.
Deduce one piece of evidence from the data that the forest is becoming more stressed.
[1]
II.
Explain why reduced winter snowfall can increase drought stress during the growing season.
[2]
Explain how drought can reduce net carbon accumulation in a boreal forest.
[2]
Evaluate why frequent severe fires may cause a tipping point in boreal forest carbon cycling.
[2]
Question 43
In some coastal oceans, winds and currents normally bring deep water to the surface. Climate change can warm and freshen the surface layer of the ocean.
I.
Explain why upwelling can increase primary production in surface waters.
[2]
II.
Explain how a warmer, fresher surface layer can reduce nutrient upwelling.
[2]
Explain how reduced upwelling can affect energy flow through marine food chains.
[2]
Suggest why changes in the timing of upwelling may affect marine organisms even if annual nutrient input remains similar.
[2]
Question 44
A government is considering three land-management strategies for carbon sequestration: planting fast-growing non-native trees, allowing native forest regeneration and restoring drained peat-forming wetlands.
Strategy | Carbon capture speed | Main carbon store | Biodiversity effect | Main limitations | Best fit conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fast-growing non-native trees | Fast | Wood and roots; timber products | Low | Higher water use; fire and pest risk | Productive managed sites |
Native forest regeneration | Moderate | Wood, roots, litter and soil organic matter | High | Slower early growth | Rainfall and soils suit native species |
Peat wetland restoration | Slow initially | Peat from partly decomposed plant material | Medium | Must stay waterlogged | Land that can be rewetted |
I.
Explain how afforestation or forest regeneration can sequester carbon.
[2]
II.
Explain why restoring a peat-forming wetland can increase long-term carbon storage.
[2]
Evaluate the use of fast-growing non-native tree plantations for carbon sequestration.
[2]
Discuss why the best carbon sequestration strategy may differ between regions.
[2]
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Question 45
In Arctic tundra, spring growth of Arctic mouse-ear chickweed, Cerastium arcticum, is influenced by temperature. Migration of reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, is influenced partly by photoperiod.
I.
Explain how climate change can disrupt synchrony between chickweed growth and reindeer arrival.
[2]
II.
Suggest two possible effects of this mismatch on reindeer populations.
[2]
Explain why the effect described is a community-level impact of climate change rather than only an organism-level impact.
[2]
Discuss one limitation of using only arrival date and plant-growth peak to predict reindeer population change.
[2]
Question 46
Great tits, Parus major, feed their chicks mainly on caterpillars. In north European forests, warm springs can alter the date of peak caterpillar biomass.
I.
Identify the phenological events represented for the bird and the caterpillar.
[1]
II.
Explain why warmer springs can reduce synchrony between great tits and caterpillars.
[2]
Explain how reduced synchrony can affect the fitness of great tits.
[2]
Evaluate whether the great tit population is likely to adapt rapidly to the changed timing of caterpillar availability.
[2]
Question 47
The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, develops under the bark of spruce trees. Temperature affects the rate at which the beetle completes its life cycle.
I.
Explain how warming can increase the number of bark beetle life cycles completed in one year.
[2]
II.
Suggest why synchronized emergence of many adult bark beetles can increase tree mortality.
[2]
Explain how climate change can make spruce trees more vulnerable to bark beetle attack.
[2]
Discuss how bark beetle outbreaks can feed back into climate change.
[2]
Question 48
Tawny owls, Strix aluco, occur as heritable pale grey and darker brown plumage variants. In snowy winters, pale grey owls are less conspicuous against snow-covered backgrounds.
I.
Explain why reduced snow cover can change the relative fitness of tawny owl colour variants.
[2]
II.
Explain how natural selection could increase the frequency of brown plumage alleles.
[2]
Distinguish between a change in fitness and evolution in this example.
[2]
Evaluate whether the data are sufficient to conclude that climate change caused evolution of tawny owl colour in this population.
[2]
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Question 49
Climate change can alter the timing of biological events and can also change selection pressures. A long-term study records flowering date, first pollinator emergence and seed production in a montane plant population.
Year | Spring temp anomaly / | Flowering date / day of year | First pollinator emergence / day of year | Mean seed production / seeds plant |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | -1.1 | 169 | 173 | 106 |
2009 | -0.6 | 167 | 172 | 101 |
2010 | 0.0 | 165 | 172 | 97 |
2011 | 0.7 | 161 | 171 | 84 |
2012 | 1.3 | 157 | 171 | 66 |
2013 | 1.9 | 153 | 171 | 44 |
2014 | 1.4 | 156 | 170 | 59 |
2015 | 0.8 | 160 | 170 | 79 |
2016 | 0.2 | 164 | 171 | 95 |
2017 | -0.3 | 166 | 172 | 98 |
2018 | 1.0 | 158 | 170 | 70 |
2019 | 2.1 | 151 | 170 | 37 |
I.
Explain why flowering date and pollinator emergence are examples of phenological data.
[1]
II.
Explain how different environmental cues can produce a mismatch between the plant and the pollinator.
[2]
Discuss how the mismatch could create selection pressure on the plant population.
[2]
Evaluate one reason why phenological plasticity might reduce the need for evolutionary change and one reason why it might not prevent population decline.
[2]
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