Using an example, describe the role of communication in human behaviour.

Explain how one chemical messenger can influence human behaviour, using an example.

Describe one cognitive explanation of how past experiences influence human behaviour. Include an example in your answer.

Explain, using one cognitive explanation, how different interpretations of the same event can produce different behavioural responses. Provide an example.

Context: Human relationships

Mina tells her brother that she would like him to spend more time with her. He replies, “Of course I want to,” but continues looking at the door and speaks in an impatient tone. Mina ends the conversation because she thinks he is not interested.

Apply your knowledge of communication to account for the misunderstanding between Mina and her brother.

Context: Human relationships

Friends Leo and Arun share a small workshop. Leo often lends their shared tools to other people without telling Arun, who then cannot find them when he needs them. Their discussions have become exchanges of accusations, although both want to remain friends and continue sharing the workshop.

Suggest one strategy for improving their relationship, supporting your suggestion with psychological knowledge.

Context: Human relationships

After moving to a new neighbourhood, Eva begins spending time with a neighbour who regularly offers practical help and listens to her concerns. Over several weeks, Eva feels increasingly comfortable seeking the neighbour's support and begins offering help in return. Eva asks whether biological processes could contribute to their growing friendship.

Apply your knowledge of one chemical messenger to account for the development of this friendship.

Context: Human relationships

Rafi's sister leaves a family celebration early without speaking to him. Rafi decides that she wanted to avoid him and stops inviting her to family activities; she notices the missing invitations and begins contacting him less often. Later, Rafi learns that she left because she had been called into work unexpectedly.

Analyse how a cognitive explanation can account for the deterioration in their relationship.

In the context of human relationships, evaluate explanations of the role of one or more chemical messengers in interpersonal relationships with reference to causality.