Describe the process of classical conditioning, using one example of human behaviour.

With reference to one example, describe how operant conditioning can increase the likelihood of a behaviour.

Explain how operant conditioning can make a behaviour less likely, with reference to one example.

Explain how a response learned through classical conditioning may become weaker. Provide one relevant example.

Context: Health and well-being

During several swimming sessions, Mara accidentally inhales water and experiences an intense feeling of panic. Each incident occurs just after she sees the striped marker at the deep end of the pool. Later, seeing this marker makes her tense even when she is standing safely beside the pool.

Apply classical conditioning to account for Mara's reaction to the marker.

Context: Human development

Four-year-old Eli often calls out repeatedly while his father is speaking to another adult. His father usually interrupts the conversation to give Eli attention. The family decides that, during brief conversations, his father will respond promptly when Eli waits for a pause and asks once, but will no longer interrupt the conversation in response to repeated calling.

Apply operant conditioning to account for how this change could affect Eli's behaviour.

Context: Learning and cognition

A tutor is helping adults learn to give a short presentation without reading every sentence from their notes. Most learners currently look up only briefly before returning to their scripts. The tutor wants them eventually to explain an entire topic using only a few written reminders.

Suggest how operant conditioning could be used to help the learners reach this goal.

Context: Human relationships

Noor's phone plays one sound when a close friend sends a message and a different sound for routine service notices. Messages from the friend frequently contain affectionate jokes that make Noor smile. After several weeks, Noor smiles on hearing the friend's notification sound before reading the message, but does not react this way to the service-notice sound.

Analyse Noor's different reactions to the two sounds using classical conditioning.

In the context of health and well-being, evaluate the role of classical conditioning in explaining changes in behaviour.