Let , where , and suppose that .
Find in Cartesian form.
Find and the principal argument of .
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Let .
Find in Cartesian form.
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The complex number is defined by
Express in the form , where .
Find the exact value of .
Find the principal argument of , in radians.
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Let , where .
Expand in Cartesian form.
Hence show that .
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The polynomial
has real coefficients. One root of is .
Write down another non-real root of .
Find the remaining root of .
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A complex number , where , satisfies
.
Determine the Cartesian equation satisfied by and .
Describe the locus represented by this equation in the Argand diagram.
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The polynomial has real coefficients. One root is and the third root is real.
Write down another non-real root of .
Find the real root.
Find the values of and .
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Let and .
Write in modulus-argument form.
Find in Cartesian form.
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Let and .
Determine in Euler form.
Describe geometrically the transformation represented by multiplying a complex number by .
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Let be a non-zero complex number such that and . It is given that the principal argument of is .
Find .
Find .
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The complex numbers and satisfy
where .
Show that, if , then and .
Hence find and in Cartesian form.
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On an Argand diagram, the point represents the complex number . The point represents the complex number , where

Find in Cartesian form.
Describe fully the geometrical effect of multiplying by on an Argand diagram.
Find the distance , where is the origin.
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Let .
Write in Euler form , where and .
Hence find in Cartesian form.
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Let
Find all values of in modulus-argument form.
State the argument of the root which lies in the third quadrant.
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Two complex impedances are given by and . The combined impedance is defined by
Calculate in Cartesian form.
Find in the form , where and .
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Let , where . The point representing on an Argand diagram satisfies both
and

Show that the first condition gives .
Hence find .
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Consider the equation , where .
Write in modulus-argument form.
Solve the equation, giving your answers in Cartesian form.
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Let .
Find all values of in modulus-argument form.
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A monic quartic polynomial has real coefficients. Two of its roots are and .
Write down the other two roots of .
Find in expanded form.
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Let , where .
Expand in terms of and .
Use De Moivre's theorem to prove that .
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The five roots of are , where .
Show that the sum of the five roots is .
Hence show that .
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Consider the equation
Write in modulus-argument form.
Find all solutions of the equation, giving your answers in modulus-argument form.
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The polynomial
has real coefficients. Two of its roots are and .
Write down the other two roots of .
Hence find the values of and .
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Let , where . The complex number satisfies

Show that the locus of has equation
Hence find the centre and radius of this locus.
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Let , where , and define .
Express in the form , where , in terms of and .
Hence show that .
Given that is real, show that .
Given also that , find the possible values of .
The locus of is defined by . Determine the centre and radius of this locus in the Argand diagram.
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Let , and .
Write and in modulus-argument form.
Hence write in modulus-argument form.
Find in Cartesian form.
Find the smallest positive integer such that is a positive imaginary number.
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The transformation of the complex plane is defined by
.
The points , and represent the complex numbers , and respectively.

Find the modulus and principal argument of .
Describe fully the geometrical effect of multiplying a complex number by .
Find the complex numbers represented by , and , in Cartesian form.
Determine the area of the triangle with vertices , and .
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Consider the equation
,
where .

Write down the modulus of each root.
Find all four roots in modulus-argument form.
Give the roots in Cartesian form.
Determine the area of the quadrilateral formed by joining the four roots in order around the origin.
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A monic quartic polynomial has real coefficients. One root of is . Another root is , and the constant term of is .
Write down another non-real root of .
Find the remaining real root.
Find in expanded form.
Hence determine .
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Consider the equation
Let . Find all possible values of in modulus-argument form.
Hence find all possible values of in modulus-argument form translated into Cartesian form.
Show that one root of the original equation is real, and state this root.
If you did not obtain the real root in part (b)(i), use . Verify directly that this value satisfies the equation.
The four roots are represented by points in an Argand diagram. Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by joining these points in order of increasing argument of .
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A monic quartic polynomial has real coefficients. One root is . The coefficient of is and the constant term is .
Write down another root of .
Let the remaining two roots be real numbers and . Show that and .
Find and .
Hence write as a product of real quadratic and linear factors.
Find in expanded form.
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Let and let
Show that .
State the modulus and principal argument of .
Find all cube roots of in modulus-argument form.
If you did not obtain the roots in part (b)(i), use , . Show that the product of the three cube roots is .
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A transformation of the complex plane is defined by , where and . The transformation maps to and maps to .
Find and .
Describe geometrically the effect of multiplication by .
The point moves on the circle . Find the centre and radius of the image circle in the -plane.
Write the Cartesian equation of the image circle, using .
Find the maximum possible value of for points on .
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Let , where . The point representing in the Argand diagram satisfies
Show that the locus has equation .
Find the centre and radius of this locus.
The point also satisfies . Show that and state the required restriction on .
If you did not obtain the line in part (b)(i), use . Hence find exactly.
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Let and consider the quadratic equation
Show that the roots are and .
The root with positive imaginary part has modulus and . Find .
Using , find the square roots of .
Find the monic quartic polynomial with real coefficients whose roots are all the square roots of the two roots of the quadratic when .
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A complex number is represented by a point on an Argand diagram. The point satisfies
and
.
Angles are in radians.

Show that points on the ray may be written in the form , where .
Substitute this form of into the circle equation to obtain a quadratic equation in .
Hence find the two possible values of .
Find the distance between the two possible positions of .
Find the smaller angle subtended at the origin by the two possible positions of .
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In an alternating-current circuit, two impedances are connected in parallel. At angular frequency they are modelled by
.
The combined impedance satisfies
.
Find when , in Cartesian form.
Write this value of in Euler form , where and .
Show that is purely real when satisfies
.
Hence find the value of for which is purely real.
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Consider the equation
.

Let . Find the three possible values of in modulus-argument form.
Hence write the three solutions for in Cartesian form, correct to three significant figures.
Show that the three solution points form an equilateral triangle and find its area.
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Let , where . The complex number satisfies
.
Show that and satisfy
.
Show that satisfies .
Solve the equation for , giving all solutions correct to three significant figures.
For the solution with positive imaginary part, find the modulus and principal argument of .
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The complex number is used to generate a sequence of points on an Argand diagram. The point represents the complex number , where .

Express in modulus-argument form.
Find in Cartesian form.
Show that the distance is .
Let . Show that .
Determine the least value of such that . If you did not obtain the result in part (c)(i), use .
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Consider the equation
where . The five roots are represented by points on an Argand diagram.

For , find the five roots in modulus-argument form.
Show that, for any value of , the five roots form a regular pentagon with side length .
Let be one of the roots. Show that the product of the distances from to the other four roots is .
Deduce the area of the pentagon and explain why it is independent of . If you did not prove the regular pentagon result in part (b), use that the roots lie equally spaced on a circle of radius .
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For , define
In an engineering interpretation, represents a gain and represents a phase shift.
t | \ | H(t)\ | arg H(t) [rad] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5000 | 0.0000 | ||
0.5 | 0.5423 | 0.7086 | ||
1 | 0.6325 | 1.2490 | ||
1.5 | 0.7211 | 1.6263 | ||
2 | 0.7906 | 1.8925 | ||
3 | 0.8771 | 2.2318 | ||
4 | 0.9220 | 2.4330 |
Find in Cartesian form.
Find .
Show that .
Determine the value of for which .
Show that for .
Solve . If you did not obtain part (c)(i), use .
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A transformation of the complex plane is defined by
Repeated application of produces a sequence where .

Find in Cartesian form.
Describe the geometric effect of multiplying by .
Find the fixed point of , where .
Show that .
Let . Determine the least value of such that . If you did not obtain the fixed point in part (b)(i), use .
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For a real parameter , consider the equation
where . The three roots are represented by points on an Argand diagram.

For , find the three roots in Cartesian form.
Show that, for any real value of , the centroid of the three points representing the roots is the point representing .
Determine all real values of for which at least one root lies on the imaginary axis (has zero real part).
Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the three roots is independent of , and find this area. If you did not obtain the roots in part (c)(i), use that the roots are obtained by translating the cube roots of by .
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This question compares the values of and for complex numbers on the unit circle. Let

Find all values of in modulus-argument form.
For general , write down all values of .
Show that the three values of form an equilateral triangle on the unit circle.
Deduce the area of the triangle formed by the three values of , and explain why this area does not depend on .
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Let , where .
Expand using the binomial theorem.
Hence show that .
Let . Show that .
Hence find the exact value of .
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Let .
Show that and .
Hence show that .
Divide the equation in part (a)(ii) by and show that satisfies .
Hence find .
Deduce the exact values of and .
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For real and , define .
Show that .
Use mathematical induction to prove De Moivre's theorem, , for all .
Write in modulus-argument form.
Hence find in Cartesian form.
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A sequence of complex numbers is defined by and
for .
Find the fixed point satisfying .
Show that .
Hence show that .
Find .
If you did not obtain the expression in part (b)(i), use . Find the smallest positive integer such that is a positive real number.
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Let , where .
State De Moivre's theorem for positive integers .
Prove De Moivre's theorem for positive integers by induction.
Use De Moivre's theorem to show that
.
Hence solve for .
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A sequence of complex numbers is defined by
,
where and .

Find the fixed point satisfying .
Show that for .
Find the least value of for which .
The total distance travelled by the first steps is . Find the least for which exceeds of its limiting value.
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Let and be the points representing and respectively. A variable point represents the complex number .

Explain why implies that .
Find the Cartesian equation of the locus satisfying this angle condition.
The point also satisfies . Find the value of which satisfies both conditions and the stated argument condition.
Find the greatest possible value of for a point on the circle found in part (a)(ii).
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Let .

Write down all the roots of .
Show that .
Let . Show that and .
Hence find in Cartesian form.
Deduce the exact value of .
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Two fixed points and on an Argand diagram represent the complex numbers and respectively. For a variable complex number , define

Find when , giving your answer in Cartesian form.
Find for this value of .
Show that the condition represents a straight line, and find its equation in the form , where .
Show that the condition represents a circle, and find its centre and radius.
Determine when and . If you did not obtain a circle in part (b)(ii), continue using the definition of .
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For and , consider the four complex numbers
They are represented by four points on an Argand diagram.

For and , write down the four complex numbers in Cartesian form.
Let be the monic quartic polynomial having the four complex numbers in the stem as roots. Show that
For and , find the area of the quadrilateral formed by joining the four points in order around the boundary.
Deduce a formula for the area of the quadrilateral in terms of and . If you did not obtain the area in part (c)(i), use the same symmetric quadrilateral described in the stem.
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Let , where . Define by
This question investigates a recurrence for the functions .

Show that .
Show that, for , .
Use the recurrence to find .
Hence, or otherwise, solve for . If you did not obtain , use .
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A monic quartic polynomial has real coefficients and is reciprocal, meaning that if is a root then is also a root. One root is

Write down the other three roots.
Find the polynomial in the form .
Show that if , then implies for .
For roots of the form , , , , deduce the least possible value of the coefficient .
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For a positive integer and real number , define the phasor sum

Show that, when ,
Show that, when ,
Evaluate in Cartesian form. If you did not obtain the formula in part (a), use the geometric series formula.
Prove that the sum of all roots of is zero for .
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Let be a non-zero complex number and define
This question investigates the special case in which lies on the unit circle.

If , show that .
Show that for any positive integer .
Suppose is real and . Prove that the two roots of are complex conjugates lying on the unit circle.
For , find the two roots of in modulus-argument form.
Hence find for either root. If you did not obtain the roots in part (c)(i), use .
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For , define
.
Let .

Find when .
Find an expression for in terms of .
Show that the condition corresponds to the line .
Show that the condition leads to
,
with a suitable restriction on the arc.
Determine the value of for which both and .
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