HL4.1
Monarchies in England and France (1066–1223)HL
Norman conquest, Angevin power, Capetian expansion, royal government
HL4.10
Society, politics and economy in Britain and Ireland (1815–1914)HL
Popular protest, parliamentary reform, Victorian society, party politics, social reform, unrest
HL4.11
Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890)HL
Restoration, revolution, nationalism, unification, Bismarckian Germany
HL4.12
Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union (1855–1924)HL
Tsarist reform and repression, 1905 Revolution, First World War, 1917 Revolutions, Bolshevik consolidation
HL4.13
Europe and the First World War (1871–1918)HL
European diplomacy, imperial rivalry, German foreign policy, causes of war, civilian populations, Central Powers’ defeat
HL4.14
Inter-war domestic developments in European states (1918–1939)HL
Weimar instability, Nazi dictatorship, Italian Fascism, Spanish polarization and civil war, inter-war France
HL4.15
Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)HL
Peace settlement, League of Nations, fascist expansion, appeasement, world war, civilian impact
HL4.16
The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)HL
Stalinism, Great Patriotic War, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Gorbachev, Soviet collapse, Yeltsin
HL4.17
Post-war western and northern Europe (1945–2000)HL
Cold War Germany, post-war reconstruction, West German society, democratic Spain, post-war Britain
HL4.18
Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945–2000)HL
Soviet domination, resistance and reform, collapse of communism, Balkan conflicts, post-communist transition
HL4.2
Muslims and Jews in medieval Europe (1095–1492)HL
Religious hostility, Iberian conflict, coexistence, Jewish contributions, persecution, expulsion
HL4.3
Late medieval political crises (1300–1487)HL
Deposition, dynastic war, royal authority, Anglo-French conflict, Burgundy, Wars of the Roses
HL4.4
The Renaissance (c1400–1600)HL
Italian origins, city-state government, patronage, literature, northern Renaissance, England
HL4.5
The Age of Exploration and its impact (1400–1550)HL
Motives, maritime technology, Atlantic and Indian Ocean exploration, Treaty of Tordesillas, European impact
HL4.6
Aspects of the Reformation (c1500–1563)HL
Church criticism, Luther, Lutheran expansion, religious conflict, Catholic reform
HL4.7
Absolutism and Enlightenment (1650–1800)HL
Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment thought, Absolutism, Enlightened despotism, Social and economic change, Baroque patronage
HL4.8
The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)HL
Ancien Régime, Revolution, Republic, Terror, Directory, Napoleon, Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
HL4.9
France (1815–1914)HL
Restoration, revolution, empire, republican consolidation, political crises
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