Revolution, Baghdad, caliphal government, Ulama, Sassanian influence, Golden Age, political fragmentation, Mongol conquest

Colonial administration, settler rule, economic and social change, nationalism, independence

Liberation wars, mass nationalism, political parties, trade unions, colonial withdrawal, African independence

Imperial decline, European intervention, reform, nationalism, war and collapse

Wartime diplomacy, mandates, nationalism, state-building, modernization, western influence

Collective security, African cooperation, UN intervention, development agencies, Cold War rivalry

Mineral revolution, South African War, segregation, apartheid, resistance, sanctions, democratic transition

Religious change, African churches, social values, women, technology, migration, culture, education

Israel and Arab–Israeli conflict, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, revolution, nationalism and peacemaking

Nigeria and Tanzania, conflict, military intervention, social challenges, single-party rule, democratization, development

Dynastic foundation, caliphal rivalry, Egypt and Cairo, Ismaili ideology, government, trade, learning, decline

Crusading motives, jihad, crusader states, warfare, leadership, regional impact

Frontier expansion, Constantinople, Safavid rivalry, Mamluk conquest, government, military power, imperial culture

Trans-Saharan commerce, Indian Ocean networks, Islamization, Catholicism, Ghana, Mali, Kongo, Swahili city states

State formation, African leadership, military change, trade, religion, diplomacy and resistance

Atlantic and East African trades, expansion, social and economic impact, abolition, anti-slavery legislation

European expansion, economic and strategic rivalry, African responses, Berlin Conference, Congo region

Resistance, collaboration, African agency, military power, diplomacy, colonial conquest