Question 1
The map illustrates spatial variations in urban land-surface temperature.
I.
State where the main concentration of relatively high land-surface temperatures (red and orange areas) occurs.
[1]
II.
State where the extensive areas of relatively low land-surface temperature (pale yellow) occur in relation to this concentration.
[1]
Outline one reason why densely built urban areas may have higher land-surface temperatures than surrounding areas.
[2]
I.
Explain one physical factor that causes air pollution concentrations to vary within an urban area.
[3]
II.
Explain one economic impact that the higher land-surface temperatures shown in the map may have on urban businesses.
[3]
Question 2
The map illustrates the uneven distribution of urban surface heating.
I.
State the spatial pattern of relatively high land-surface temperatures (red areas) extending away from the central concentration.
[1]
II.
Identify the distribution of relatively high land-surface temperatures (red areas) between these corridors.
[1]
Outline one possible health impact of high temperatures on people in urban areas.
[2]
Explain two different strategies for reducing urban heat-island effects.
[6]
Question 3
The graph illustrates differences between countries in mortality attributed to air pollution.
I.
Identify the country with the highest age-standardized mortality rate attributed to air pollution.
[1]
II.
Estimate the age-standardized mortality rate attributed to air pollution in Jordan, in deaths per 100,000 population.
[1]
Outline one reason why people's occupations can influence their exposure to urban air pollution.
[2]
Explain two factors that can account for concentrations of theft in particular parts of an urban area.
[6]
Question 4
The graph illustrates air pollution as a public health stress.
Identify the two countries with age-standardized mortality rates attributed to air pollution between 50 and 60 deaths per 100,000 population.
[2]
Outline one economic impact of air pollution on an urban area.
[2]
Explain two reasons why the severity of traffic congestion in an urban area varies during the day.
[6]
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Question 5
To what extent can urban microclimate management reduce the urban heat island effect?
[10]
Question 6
Evaluate increasing road capacity as a response to traffic congestion in one city.
[10]
Question 7
Examine why air pollution has varying impacts on different groups of people in one city.
[10]
Question 8
Examine why contested urban land use changes create winners and losers in two contrasting neighbourhoods.
[10]
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Question 9
To what extent can improvements in housing break the cycle of deprivation in urban areas?
[10]
Question 10
Examine the relationship between urban social deprivation and geographic patterns of crime.
[10]
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