Question 1
The map illustrates geographical variations in the potential for generating solar power in hot, arid environments.
I.
State the labelled solar irradiation interval covering much of Namibia.
[1]
II.
State the solar irradiation class represented by the darkest-red areas in Namibia.
[1]
Outline one advantage of using solar power in a remote settlement in a hot, arid environment.
[2]
I.
Explain one way the geographical variation in solar irradiation shown could influence the location of solar-power projects in hot, arid environments.
[3]
II.
Explain one challenge that must be managed for solar power to contribute to sustainable development in a hot, arid environment.
[3]
Question 2
The map illustrates the solar resource available for renewable-energy development in extreme environments.
I.
Identify which has higher mapped solar irradiation: the Saharan interior or equatorial central Africa.
[1]
II.
Identify the two countries, from Chad, Sudan and Congo, that contain extensive areas in the highest solar irradiation class.
[1]
Outline one reason why high annual solar irradiation does not guarantee a continuous electricity supply from solar panels.
[2]
Explain two economic consequences of developing solar energy in areas of high irradiation shown in the map.
[6]
Question 3
The graph illustrates pressure on freshwater resources in hot, arid environments.
I.
Estimate Israel's annual freshwater withdrawals as a percentage of its internal renewable freshwater resources.
[1]
II.
Identify the country with the lowest percentage shown on the graph.
[1]
Outline one reason why annual freshwater withdrawals can exceed a country's internal renewable freshwater resources.
[2]
Explain two soil and water conservation methods that can reduce desertification in hot, arid environments.
[6]
Question 4
The graph illustrates contrasting levels of freshwater resource use that can contribute to competition in arid environments.
I.
Estimate Jordan's annual freshwater withdrawals as a percentage of its internal renewable freshwater resources.
[1]
II.
Identify which of Algeria, Oman and Tunisia has freshwater withdrawals exceeding 100% of its internal renewable freshwater resources.
[1]
Outline one way increased industrial water use can affect pastoral communities in an arid environment.
[2]
I.
Explain one way conflict can accelerate desertification.
[3]
II.
Explain one way demand from distant markets can increase pressure on resources in an extreme environment.
[3]
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Question 5
Evaluate the benefits and limitations of solar power and desalination for sustainable development in hot, arid environments.
[10]
Question 6
Examine how economic connections with other places create opportunities and risks for people in extreme environments.
[10]
Question 7
To what extent are changes in land use more important than climate change in accelerating desertification?
[10]
Question 8
With reference to one case study, examine how differences in power influence access to resources in an extreme environment.
[10]
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Question 9
To what extent can adaptation by local populations reduce the impacts of global climate change in extreme environments?
[10]
Question 10
To what extent do challenges in extreme environments require international rather than local management?
[10]
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