2.4 Climate and biomes

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Practice exam-style IB ESS questions for Climate and biomes, aligned with the syllabus and grouped by topic.

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Paper

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Question 1

SL • Paper 2

Easy

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SL • Paper 2

Easy

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Distinguish between weather and climate.

[2]

Question 2

SL • Paper 2

Easy

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SL • Paper 2

Easy

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Define the term biome.

[1]

Explain why ecosystems on different continents may be classified within the same biome.

[2]

Question 3

SL • Paper 2

Medium

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SL • Paper 2

Medium

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The climate data table shows conditions at location X.

Monthly climate data for location X.

Month	Precipitation / mm	Mean temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$
January	180	26
February	160	26
March	170	27
April	180	27
May	200	27
June	210	26
July	190	26
August	175	25
September	180	25
October	200	25
November	225	25
December	230	27
Annual total / mean	2300	26

Identify the terrestrial biome most likely to occur naturally at location X.

[1]

Outline two features of the climate graph that support your answer to (a).

[2]

Question 4

SL • Paper 2

Medium

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SL • Paper 2

Medium

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A coastal city and an inland city are located at the same latitude. The coastal city has cooler summers and milder winters than the inland city.

Explain how the ocean can produce the difference in temperature between the two cities.

[3]

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Question 5

SL • Paper 2

Medium

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SL • Paper 2

Medium

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Figure 1 shows climate data for two locations averaged over 30 years.

Figure 1. Mean monthly climate data for Locations A and B, averaged over 30 years.

Month	Location A temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	Location A precipitation / mm	Location B temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	Location B precipitation / mm
Jan	27	180	18	5
Feb	27.5	190	20	5
Mar	28	200	24	8
Apr	28	210	28	10
May	27.5	220	31	12
Jun	26.5	210	33	15
Jul	26	190	34	18
Aug	26.5	180	33	20
Sep	27	190	30	12
Oct	28	210	26	8
Nov	27.5	220	22	4
Dec	27	200	19	3

Calculate the annual temperature range for each location.

[2]

Identify the most likely terrestrial biome at each location.

[2]

Explain why net primary productivity and biodiversity are likely to be higher at Location A than at Location B.

[3]

Question 6

SL • Paper 2

Medium

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SL • Paper 2

Medium

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Locations C and D are at the same latitude. Location C is on a coast influenced by a warm ocean current, while Location D is $900\ \text{km}$ inland. Figure 3 shows their climatic conditions.

Monthly climatic data for Locations C and D.

Month	C temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	C precipitation / mm	D temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	D precipitation / mm
Jan	8	90	-4	20
Feb	9	80	-2	20
Mar	11	85	3	25
Apr	14	85	10	30
May	17	90	17	50
Jun	19	85	23	65
Jul	20	80	27	70
Aug	20	85	26	65
Sep	17	90	19	45
Oct	14	95	11	30
Nov	11	90	4	25
Dec	9	95	-1	25

Calculate the annual temperature range at each location.

[2]

Describe two climatic differences between Location C and Location D.

[2]

Explain how the ocean contributes to the climatic differences between the two locations.

[2]

Question 7

SL • Paper 2

Medium

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SL • Paper 2

Medium

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The figure shows part of the tricellular model of atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere.

Identify the atmospheric circulation cell between the equator and X.

[1]

Explain why hot desert biomes are commonly associated with region X.

[3]

Question 8

SL • Paper 2

Medium

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SL • Paper 2

Medium

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Average temperatures in a mountain region have increased over several decades.

State the expected direction of movement of terrestrial biome distributions in this region.

[1]

Explain two reasons why the existing biome may not move upslope as a complete community.

[3]

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Question 9

HL • Paper 2

Medium

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HL • Paper 2

Medium

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Locations M and N occur at similar mid-latitudes. M is on a western coast, while N is far inland.

Distinguish the annual temperature patterns expected for a temperate maritime climate at M and a temperate continental climate at N.

[2]

State one biome likely to be associated with each climate.

[2]

Question 10

HL • Paper 2

Medium

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HL • Paper 2

Medium

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State the sustained wind speed above which a tropical cyclone is classified as a hurricane or typhoon.

[1]

Outline three atmospheric or oceanic conditions required for tropical-cyclone formation.

[3]

Question 11

SL • Paper 1

Medium

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SL • Paper 1

Medium

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Ecologists compiled representative monthly climate data for five locations where little land conversion has occurred.

Figure 1(a). Monthly precipitation and mean temperature at five locations.

Month	$P$ precipitation / mm	$P$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$Q$ precipitation / mm	$Q$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$R$ precipitation / mm	$R$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$S$ precipitation / mm	$S$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$T$ precipitation / mm	$T$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$
Jan	210	26	4	25	45	0	20	-4	16	-14
Feb	190	26	3	26	40	2	18	-2	14	-13
Mar	220	26	2	27	48	6	22	2	13	-11
Apr	230	26	1	28	55	11	30	8	12	-7
May	240	26	0	28	65	16	42	14	18	-3
Jun	210	26	0	27	70	20	55	18	25	1
Jul	200	26	0	27	62	22	65	20	32	4
Aug	190	26	0	27	58	21	58	19	28	3
Sep	210	26	0	27	52	16	45	14	24	-1
Oct	230	26	1	28	50	10	32	8	20	-5
Nov	240	26	2	27	48	5	25	3	17	-10
Dec	230	26	3	26	45	3	20	-4	15	-16

Calculate the total annual precipitation at location R.

[2]

Identify the most likely biome at locations P and T.

[2]

Explain why productivity is likely to be lower at Q than at P.

[3]

Outline why location S cannot be assigned confidently to one biome using Figure 1(b).

[2]

Evaluate the use of mean annual temperature and total annual precipitation to predict the terrestrial biome at a location.

[4]

Question 12

SL • Paper 1

Medium

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SL • Paper 1

Medium

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Two coastal locations, U and V, lie at approximately 51 degrees north on opposite sides of an ocean basin. Location W lies inland at the same latitude.

Monthly climate data and native biome at three locations at approximately 51° N.

Month	Mean temperature at $U$ / °C	Precipitation at $U$ / mm	Mean temperature at $V$ / °C	Precipitation at $V$ / mm	Mean temperature at $W$ / °C	Precipitation at $W$ / mm
January	6	120	-2	45	-12	15
February	6	95	-1	40	-9	15
March	8	100	2	40	-3	20
April	10	95	6	45	6	30
May	13	100	10	50	14	40
June	16	95	13	55	20	55
July	17	100	14	65	23	70
August	17	110	13	75	22	75
September	15	115	10	60	15	55
October	12	120	6	55	7	40
November	9	100	2	45	-3	35
December	7	110	-1	45	-10	30
Annual precipitation	not applicable	1260	not applicable	620	not applicable	480
Native biome	not applicable	Temperate forest	not applicable	Boreal forest	not applicable	Temperate grassland

Calculate the annual temperature range at each location.

[3]

Describe two climatic differences between U and W.

[2]

Explain how the ocean and the warm current influence the climate at U.

[3]

Explain why different natural biomes occur at the three locations despite their similar latitude.

[2]

Evaluate the claim that latitude alone determines regional climate and biome distribution.

[3]

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Question 13

SL • Paper 2

Medium

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SL • Paper 2

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Figure 2 shows generalized atmospheric circulation and mean annual precipitation in one hemisphere.

Identify the latitude shown with the lowest mean annual precipitation.

[1]

Describe the pattern in mean annual precipitation from the equator to $60^\circ\text{N}$ .

[2]

Explain how atmospheric circulation produces the contrasting precipitation and biome productivity at the equator and $30^\circ\text{N}$ .

[4]

Question 14

SL • Paper 2

Medium

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SL • Paper 2

Medium

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Figure 4 shows changes in vegetation zones on a mountain between 1980 and 2020. Mean annual temperature at the base increased by $1.2\ ^\circ\text{C}$ during this period.

Calculate the mean annual rate of upward movement of the lower alpine-tundra boundary between 1980 and 2020.

[2]

Describe two changes in the distribution of the vegetation zones shown.

[2]

Explain why continued warming could reduce biodiversity in the alpine-tundra zone.

[3]

Question 15

HL • Paper 2

Medium

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HL • Paper 2

Medium

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Define thermohaline circulation.

[1]

Explain how deep ocean water may form at high latitudes and contribute to the great ocean conveyor belt.

[3]

Question 16

HL • Paper 2

Medium

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HL • Paper 2

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Regional temperature and precipitation data predict that a forest should occur in an area, but the present vegetation is open grassland.

Explain two possible secondary influences, other than regional temperature and precipitation, that could maintain the grassland.

[2]

Outline two sources of evidence that could be used to infer the natural biome before agricultural development.

[2]

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Question 17

HL • Paper 2

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HL • Paper 2

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The figure compares neutral conditions with an extreme ENSO state in the tropical Pacific.

Identify the ENSO state shown in panel X.

[1]

Explain why this ENSO state may reduce marine productivity near north-western South America.

[3]

Question 18

SL • Paper 1

Hard

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SL • Paper 1

Hard

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Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show idealized global atmospheric circulation and selected ecosystem data.

State the names of the three atmospheric circulation cells in one hemisphere.

[3]

Calculate the percentage by which mean annual precipitation at the equatorial belt exceeds that at the 30-degree belt.

[2]

Explain the high precipitation near the equator and low precipitation near 30 degrees north and south.

[4]

Explain the relationship between precipitation, latitude and net primary productivity shown in Figure 2(b).

[3]

Suggest why actual biome boundaries do not form continuous straight bands around Earth as represented by the model.

[2]

Question 19

SL • Paper 1

Hard

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SL • Paper 1

Hard

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A protected mountain in the fictional Serrado Range has been surveyed repeatedly since 1980. Its summit is 3200 m above sea level.

Figure 4(b): annual climate observations at 2800 m; temperature anomaly is relative to the 1980 mean.

Year	Temperature anomaly / $^\circ\text{C}$	Snow-free days / $d$
1980	0.00	105
1981	0.07	106
1982	0.02	104
1983	0.15	108
1984	0.09	107
1985	0.21	110
1986	0.14	109
1987	0.25	111
1988	0.19	110
1989	0.34	114
1990	0.24	113
1991	0.38	116
1992	0.28	115
1993	0.43	118
1994	0.36	117
1995	0.49	121
1996	0.41	119
1997	0.56	123
1998	0.45	121
1999	0.61	125
2000	0.50	124
2001	0.66	127
2002	0.58	126
2003	0.72	129
2004	0.63	127
2005	0.76	132
2006	0.68	130
2007	0.84	134
2008	0.73	133
2009	0.89	136
2010	0.79	135
2011	0.95	138
2012	0.84	137
2013	1.01	140
2014	0.93	139
2015	1.08	143
2016	0.98	142
2017	1.15	145
2018	1.05	144
2019	1.22	147
2020	1.12	146
2021	1.29	149
2022	1.20	148
2023	1.35	150
2024	1.27	149
2025	1.40	151

Calculate the mean annual rate of upward movement of the tree line between 1980 and 2025.

[2]

Describe the changes in temperature and snow-free days shown in Figure 4(b).

[2]

Explain how the climatic changes may have caused the changes in vegetation zones.

[3]

Suggest two reasons why species within a shifting biome may not all move upslope at the same rate.

[2]

Evaluate the conclusion that global warming is the only cause of the observed vegetation changes.

[5]

Question 20

HL • Paper 2

Hard

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HL • Paper 2

Hard

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A regional climate classification predicts that the undeveloped lowlands shown in Figure 5 would support temperate deciduous forest. Figure 5 shows present land cover and local environmental conditions.

Identify one zone that supports the predicted natural biome and one zone where local hydrology prevents this biome from developing.

[2]

Suggest why the predicted biome has not developed in Zones P, Q and T.

[3]

Suggest how evidence from Figure 5 could be used to infer the local biome that existed before urban and agricultural development.

[3]

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Question 21

HL • Paper 2

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HL • Paper 2

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Figure 6 compares neutral and El Niño conditions in the tropical Pacific and shows observations from a coastal monitoring station near north-western South America.

Monthly observations at a coastal monitoring station during transition from neutral conditions to El Niño.

Month	SST anomaly / $^\circ\text{C}$	Nitrate / $\mu\text{mol L}^{-1}$	Chlorophyll-a / $\text{mg m}^{-3}$	Fishery catch / thousand tonnes
January	0.0	8.0	1.80	160
February	+0.1	7.8	1.75	157
March	+0.2	7.5	1.68	153
April	+0.3	7.2	1.60	148
May	+0.5	6.8	1.52	143
June	+0.7	6.4	1.45	138
July	+0.9	6.0	1.37	133
August	+1.1	5.5	1.28	127
September	+1.3	5.0	1.18	120
October	+1.6	4.3	1.08	113
November	+1.8	3.6	0.98	106
December	+2.0	3.0	0.90	100

Calculate the percentage decrease in chlorophyll-a concentration from January to December.

[2]

Describe the relationships between the sea-surface temperature anomaly, nitrate concentration, chlorophyll-a concentration and fishery catch.

[3]

Explain the decrease in fishery catch during the El Niño event.

[3]

Question 22

HL • Paper 2

Hard

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HL • Paper 2

Hard

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Figure 8 shows part of the great ocean conveyor belt and the properties of water at three locations.

Water properties at three Atlantic Ocean locations.

Location	Water type	Temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	Salinity / PSU	Density / $\text{kg m}^{-3}$
X	Tropical Atlantic surface	26	35.0	1023.0
Y	High-latitude North Atlantic surface	3	35.2	1027.8
Z	North Atlantic deep water	2	35.0	1027.6

Calculate the difference in density between the surface water at Locations X and Y.

[2]

Explain why surface water sinks near Location Y and describe its subsequent movement.

[2]

Explain how the surface component of this circulation can influence climate and biome distribution in the high-latitude North Atlantic region.

[3]

Question 23

HL • Paper 2

Hard

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HL • Paper 2

Hard

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Explain why evidence for global warming is more strongly linked to increasing tropical-cyclone intensity and rainfall than to an increase in the total number of tropical cyclones.

[4]

Question 24

HL • Paper 1

Hard

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HL • Paper 1

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The fictional Arova Basin extends from an ocean coast to an inland plateau. Researchers investigated why observed vegetation differs from the biome predicted using regional climate.

Monthly climate data and annual summaries for sites A–D, with contextual evidence for site D.

Month / evidence	Temperature at $A$ / $^\circ\text{C}$	Precipitation at $A$ / mm	Temperature at $B$ / $^\circ\text{C}$	Precipitation at $B$ / mm	Temperature at $C$ / $^\circ\text{C}$	Precipitation at $C$ / mm	Temperature at $D$ / $^\circ\text{C}$	Precipitation at $D$ / mm	Additional data at $D$
Jan	8	105	0	10	-3	130	2	8	—
Feb	9	95	2	10	-2	110	4	10	—
Mar	11	90	7	15	1	95	9	15	—
Apr	13	85	13	25	5	70	15	25	—
May	15	90	19	40	9	60	20	40	—
Jun	16	85	24	60	12	50	25	60	—
Jul	17	80	27	75	15	40	27	75	—
Aug	17	85	26	75	15	45	26	70	—
Sep	16	90	20	55	11	55	21	50	—
Oct	15	100	13	45	6	75	15	40	—
Nov	11	120	9	35	2	110	9	35	—
Dec	8	155	8	25	1	140	7	32	—
Mean annual temperature	13.8	—	14.0	—	6.0	—	15.0	—	—
Annual precipitation	—	1180	—	470	—	980	—	460	—
Annual temperature range	9	—	27	—	18	—	25	—	—
Historical pollen at $D$	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Grass species dominant
Native vegetation remaining at $D$	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6%
Land and water use at $D$	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Irrigation and urbanization
Water-table change at $D$	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8 m decline since 1995

Distinguish between a temperate maritime climate and a temperate continental climate using sites A and B.

[3]

Explain why the observed vegetation at C differs from the climate-based prediction.

[3]

Explain how natural disturbance maintains the biome observed at B.

[2]

Suggest the most likely natural biome at D in the absence of urban and agricultural development, giving two pieces of evidence.

[3]

Evaluate the reliability of the researchers' reconstruction of the natural biome at D.

[4]

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Question 25

HL • Paper 1

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HL • Paper 1

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Marine scientists monitored the eastern and western tropical Pacific during three contrasting phases of the El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle. In Figure 6(b), months 1 to 12 represent neutral conditions, months 13 to 24 represent El Niño conditions and months 25 to 36 represent La Niña conditions.

Calculate the percentage decrease in mean fish catch from neutral to El Niño conditions.

[2]

Describe the relationships among sea-surface temperature anomaly, nitrate concentration and chlorophyll-a concentration shown in Figure 6(b).

[3]

Explain the changes in eastern-Pacific marine productivity during El Niño.

[4]

Explain why La Niña has effects opposite to El Niño in the eastern tropical Pacific.

[2]

Evaluate the claim that the ENSO phase alone determines fishery yield in the eastern tropical Pacific.

[4]

Question 26

HL • Paper 2

Hard

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HL • Paper 2

Hard

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Figure 7 summarizes global tropical-cyclone observations for two 15-year periods.

Figure 7. Global tropical-cyclone observations; satellite coverage and storm detection improved during the observation period.

Observation period / year	Mean SST anomaly / $^\circ\text{C}$	Proportion reaching major intensity / $\%$	Mean annual count / $\text{storms yr}^{-1}$	Count uncertainty range / $\text{storms yr}^{-1}$
1981–1995	0.10	24	86	82–90
2006–2020	0.70	36	88	84–92

Calculate the percentage increase in the proportion of tropical cyclones reaching major intensity between the two periods.

[2]

Analyse the extent to which the data support an increase in tropical-cyclone activity.

[3]

Explain how warmer ocean and air temperatures may increase tropical-cyclone intensity, and state one limitation of using Figure 7 to establish causation.

[3]

Question 27

SL • Paper 2

Hard

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SL • Paper 2

Hard

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Outline four ways in which temperature, precipitation and insolation influence the distribution of terrestrial biomes.

[4]

Explain how the tricellular model links atmospheric circulation to the distribution and relative productivity of terrestrial biomes.

[7]

Using named examples, to what extent can the tricellular model explain the global distribution of terrestrial biomes?

[9]

Question 28

SL • Paper 2

Hard

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SL • Paper 2

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Outline four characteristics of the tundra biome that result from its climatic conditions.

[4]

Explain how global warming may change the location and composition of mountain and high-latitude biomes.

[7]

Using named examples, evaluate strategies for conserving biodiversity as biomes shift in response to global warming.

[9]

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Question 29

SL • Paper 2

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SL • Paper 2

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Define productivity and biodiversity, and outline one climatic limiting factor for each of terrestrial and marine biomes.

[4]

Explain how climatic limiting factors may produce differences in productivity and biodiversity between tropical rainforest and hot desert biomes.

[7]

Using named examples from terrestrial and aquatic biomes, discuss the claim that high productivity necessarily results in high biodiversity.

[9]

Question 30

HL • Paper 1

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HL • Paper 1

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A research consortium analysed tropical cyclones in the fictional Meridia Ocean basin from 1980 to 2024.

Tropical-cyclone indicators and contextual observations for the Meridia Ocean basin.

Indicator	1980–1999	2005–2024	Change / note
Total cyclones / decade	74	77	+3 per decade
Major cyclones / decade	14	25	+11 per decade
Maximum 24-hour rainfall during major cyclones / mm	310	430	+120 mm
Satellite coverage	Incomplete before 1988	Not stated	Early observations limit comparison
Coastal population change, 1980–1999 to 2005–2024	Baseline	$+58\%$ relative to 1980–1999	Exposure increased
Mangrove area change, 1980–1999 to 2005–2024	Baseline	$-35\%$ relative to 1980–1999	Area decline may reduce natural coastal protection

State the sustained wind-speed threshold at or above which a tropical cyclone is classified as a hurricane or typhoon.

[1]

Calculate the percentage increase in the mean number of major cyclones per decade between the two periods.

[2]

Describe the evidence for changes in tropical-cyclone activity shown in Figures 7(b) and 7(c).

[3]

Explain how warmer ocean and air temperatures can increase tropical-cyclone intensity and rainfall.

[4]

Evaluate the conclusion that global warming has increased the risk to communities in the Meridia basin.

[5]

Question 31

HL • Paper 1

Hard

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HL • Paper 1

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Oceanographers studied deep-water formation in the fictional Norda Sea and its relationship with poleward ocean heat transport.

Modelled current and reduced-ocean-heat-transport climate outputs for two coastal regions, with their relationship to the warm poleward current.

Region	Model scenario	Winter temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	Annual precipitation / mm	Projected natural biome	Coastal setting
Western coast	Current climate	7	1120	Temperate forest	Adjacent to warm poleward current
Western coast	Reduced ocean heat transport	4	920	Boreal forest	Adjacent to warm poleward current
Eastern coast	Current climate	-5	610	Boreal forest	Not directly supplied by warm current
Eastern coast	Reduced ocean heat transport	-6	590	Boreal forest	Not directly supplied by warm current

Define thermohaline circulation.

[2]

Calculate the percentage decrease in the deep-water formation index between the two five-year periods.

[2]

Explain how the temperature and salinity changes in the Norda Sea could reduce deep-water formation.

[3]

Explain why reduced ocean heat transport is projected to affect the western coastal region more than the eastern coastal region.

[3]

Evaluate the reliability of the conclusion that weaker deep-ocean circulation will cause a shift from temperate forest to boreal forest in the western coastal region.

[5]

Question 32

HL • Paper 2

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HL • Paper 2

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Distinguish between temperate maritime and temperate continental climates and state one biome associated with each climate type.

[4]

Explain how thermohaline circulation redistributes heat and nutrients through the great ocean conveyor belt.

[7]

Using named examples, to what extent are ocean currents more important than atmospheric circulation in determining regional climates and biome distribution?

[9]

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Question 33

HL • Paper 2

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Outline four characteristics of neutral atmospheric and oceanic conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean.

[4]

Explain how El Niño and La Niña develop and affect marine productivity and rainfall patterns.

[7]

Using named examples, evaluate strategies for reducing the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of ENSO events.

[9]

Question 34

HL • Paper 2

Hard

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HL • Paper 2

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Outline four conditions required for the formation and organization of a tropical cyclone.

[4]

Explain why evidence links global warming more strongly to increasing tropical-cyclone intensity and rainfall than to an increase in the total number of tropical cyclones.

[7]

Using named examples, to what extent is adaptation more effective than climate-change mitigation in reducing risks from increasingly intense tropical cyclones?

[9]

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.5 Zonation, succession and change in ecosystems

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Month	C temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	C precipitation / mm	D temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	D precipitation / mm
Jan	8	90	-4	20
Feb	9	80	-2	20
Mar	11	85	3	25
Apr	14	85	10	30
May	17	90	17	50
Jun	19	85	23	65
Jul	20	80	27	70
Aug	20	85	26	65
Sep	17	90	19	45
Oct	14	95	11	30
Nov	11	90	4	25
Dec	9	95	-1	25

Month	$P$ precipitation / mm	$P$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$Q$ precipitation / mm	$Q$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$R$ precipitation / mm	$R$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$S$ precipitation / mm	$S$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$T$ precipitation / mm	$T$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$
Jan	210	26	4	25	45	0	20	-4	16	-14
Feb	190	26	3	26	40	2	18	-2	14	-13
Mar	220	26	2	27	48	6	22	2	13	-11
Apr	230	26	1	28	55	11	30	8	12	-7
May	240	26	0	28	65	16	42	14	18	-3
Jun	210	26	0	27	70	20	55	18	25	1
Jul	200	26	0	27	62	22	65	20	32	4
Aug	190	26	0	27	58	21	58	19	28	3
Sep	210	26	0	27	52	16	45	14	24	-1
Oct	230	26	1	28	50	10	32	8	20	-5
Nov	240	26	2	27	48	5	25	3	17	-10
Dec	230	26	3	26	45	3	20	-4	15	-16

Month	C temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	C precipitation / mm	D temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	D precipitation / mm
Jan	8	90	-4	20
Feb	9	80	-2	20
Mar	11	85	3	25
Apr	14	85	10	30
May	17	90	17	50
Jun	19	85	23	65
Jul	20	80	27	70
Aug	20	85	26	65
Sep	17	90	19	45
Oct	14	95	11	30
Nov	11	90	4	25
Dec	9	95	-1	25

Month	$P$ precipitation / mm	$P$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$Q$ precipitation / mm	$Q$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$R$ precipitation / mm	$R$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$S$ precipitation / mm	$S$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$T$ precipitation / mm	$T$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$
Jan	210	26	4	25	45	0	20	-4	16	-14
Feb	190	26	3	26	40	2	18	-2	14	-13
Mar	220	26	2	27	48	6	22	2	13	-11
Apr	230	26	1	28	55	11	30	8	12	-7
May	240	26	0	28	65	16	42	14	18	-3
Jun	210	26	0	27	70	20	55	18	25	1
Jul	200	26	0	27	62	22	65	20	32	4
Aug	190	26	0	27	58	21	58	19	28	3
Sep	210	26	0	27	52	16	45	14	24	-1
Oct	230	26	1	28	50	10	32	8	20	-5
Nov	240	26	2	27	48	5	25	3	17	-10
Dec	230	26	3	26	45	3	20	-4	15	-16

Month	C temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	C precipitation / mm	D temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	D precipitation / mm
Jan	8	90	-4	20
Feb	9	80	-2	20
Mar	11	85	3	25
Apr	14	85	10	30
May	17	90	17	50
Jun	19	85	23	65
Jul	20	80	27	70
Aug	20	85	26	65
Sep	17	90	19	45
Oct	14	95	11	30
Nov	11	90	4	25
Dec	9	95	-1	25

Month	$P$ precipitation / mm	$P$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$Q$ precipitation / mm	$Q$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$R$ precipitation / mm	$R$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$S$ precipitation / mm	$S$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$	$T$ precipitation / mm	$T$ temperature / $^\circ\text{C}$
Jan	210	26	4	25	45	0	20	-4	16	-14
Feb	190	26	3	26	40	2	18	-2	14	-13
Mar	220	26	2	27	48	6	22	2	13	-11
Apr	230	26	1	28	55	11	30	8	12	-7
May	240	26	0	28	65	16	42	14	18	-3
Jun	210	26	0	27	70	20	55	18	25	1
Jul	200	26	0	27	62	22	65	20	32	4
Aug	190	26	0	27	58	21	58	19	28	3
Sep	210	26	0	27	52	16	45	14	24	-1
Oct	230	26	1	28	50	10	32	8	20	-5
Nov	240	26	2	27	48	5	25	3	17	-10
Dec	230	26	3	26	45	3	20	-4	15	-16