Calculate the boundary-length-to-area ratio for each reserve design. Give the ratios in $\text{km}^{-1}$.

Suggest why Design A supports more breeding pairs than Design B.

Suggest one benefit and two possible limitations of the proposed wildlife corridor in Design A.

Explain how an ecocentric and an anthropocentric perspective may lead to different preferences between the two proposals.

Outline two ways environmental justice could be incorporated into the reserve's establishment.

Explain one reason why the national conservation agency may have greater direct influence than the NGO.

Outline one advantage and one limitation of the international convention's involvement.

Explain one ecological benefit of the proposal.

Explain one land-use limitation of the proposal.

Outline the three levels at which the success of this project should be assessed.

Explain how this ecotourism scheme could create a reinforcing relationship between the community and biodiversity conservation.

Outline two limitations that could prevent the scheme from supporting both local well-being and biodiversity.

Distinguish between one ex situ and one in situ measure shown in Figure 4(a).

Describe the changes in the wild tortoise population and nest success after the programme began.

Explain why captive breeding alone would be unlikely to secure the long-term recovery of the Luma tortoise.

Outline how CITES could support the programme and one limitation of its role.

Discuss whether the mixed conservation approach has been successful.

Distinguish between aesthetic, ecological, economic and ethical justifications for preserving biodiversity.

Explain why assigning a monetary value to biodiversity may assist conservation decision-making but cannot represent its total value.

Using named examples, evaluate whether habitat-based conservation is more effective than species-based conservation in preventing biodiversity loss.

Explain how the positive feedback shown in Figure 2 could lead to an alternative biodiversity-rich stable state.

Outline four additional features of secondary data that should be examined before accepting this conclusion.

State the year in which Site R first exceeded the proposed tree-cover threshold.

Calculate the percentage increase in native tree cover at Site R between 2016 and 2024.

Explain why the process shown in Figure 6(b) is a positive feedback loop.

Analyse the evidence that Site R crossed into an alternative biodiversity-rich stable state.

Explain why biodiversity at Site R would not be expected to increase without limit.

Identify two processes in Figure 4 through which animals reinforce native plant growth.

Calculate the difference in native plant biomass between the restored and unrestored sites in 2026.

Explain how the evidence supports the possible emergence of an alternative stable state at the restored site.

Calculate the amount of 2024 ecotourism revenue allocated to reserve conservation.

Compare the questionnaire responses of residents and visitors.

Analyse how the data demonstrate both benefits and limitations of ecotourism as a conservation strategy.

Explain how the size and shape of a nature reserve can affect its conservation value.

Explain how zoning, wildlife corridors and active habitat management can increase the effectiveness of a protected area.

Using named examples, evaluate the effectiveness of protected areas in conserving biodiversity while meeting the needs of surrounding communities.

Outline four methods that may be used to regenerate natural processes through rewilding.

Explain how reintroducing a keystone species may make a degraded ecosystem more self-sustaining.

Using named examples, evaluate the contribution that rewilding can make to returning humanity towards a safe operating space within the biodiversity planetary boundary.

Distinguish between an international organization, a governmental organization and a non-governmental organization involved in biodiversity conservation, and state one limitation common to all three.

Explain how media use, speed of response, diplomatic constraints, financial resources and political influence may produce differences in the conservation effectiveness of these organizations.

Using named examples of international, governmental and non-governmental organizations, evaluate the claim that political influence is the most important factor determining their success in conserving biodiversity.

Explain the relationship between positive feedback and the emergence of an alternative biodiversity-rich stable state following habitat restoration.

Explain why evidence of increasing abundance in one reintroduced species is insufficient to demonstrate that a rewilding project has produced an alternative biodiversity-rich stable state.

Using named examples, evaluate whether rewilding should be prioritized over food production on marginal agricultural land.

Outline the three levels at which the success of a conservation or regeneration project should be assessed, and state why assessment at all three levels is necessary.

Explain how ecological monitoring, secondary data and questionnaires could be combined to assess the success of an ecotourism-based conservation project.

Using a named protected area, evaluate ecotourism as a strategy for increasing both biodiversity and the well-being of local communities.