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Linear Equations & Graphs

Practice exam-style IB Math AI questions for Linear Equations & Graphs, aligned with the syllabus and grouped by topic.

Paper
Difficulty
Status
Level
Question 1
SL • Paper 1
Easy
Calculator Permitted

The cost, CC dollars, of a taxi journey of dd kilometres is modelled by

C=2.80d+4.50C=2.80d+4.50
A

State the cost per kilometre and the fixed initial charge.

[1]
Write your answer here...
B

Calculate the cost of a journey of 1212 kilometres.

[1]
Write your answer here...
C

journey costs $32.50. Find the distance travelled.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 2
SL • Paper 1
Easy
Calculator Permitted

A straight line LL passes through the points A(3,7)A(-3,7) and B(5,1)B(5,-1).

A

Find the gradient of LL.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the equation of LL in the form y=mx+cy=mx+c.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Write down the coordinates of the xx-intercept of LL.

[1]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 3
SL • Paper 1
Easy
Calculator Permitted

A straight access ramp rises vertically by 0.72 m0.72\ \text{m} over a horizontal distance of 9.60 m9.60\ \text{m}. The ramp has a constant gradient.

A

Calculate the gradient of the ramp.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Express the gradient as a percentage.

[1]
Write your answer here...
C

second ramp has the same gradient and rises vertically by 1.20 m1.20\ \text{m}. Calculate its horizontal distance.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 4
SL • Paper 1
Easy
Calculator Permitted

An exchange office uses a linear model to convert an amount xx in US dollars to an amount yy in euros. Under this model, 4040 US dollars converts to 3636 euros and 125125 US dollars converts to 112.50112.50 euros.

A

Determine the gradient of the linear model.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the equation of the model in the form y=mx+cy=mx+c.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Calculate the number of euros received for 250250 US dollars.

[1]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 5
SL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

The equation of a line LL is

3x+4y24=03x+4y-24=0

A second line NN passes through P(2,1)P(2,1) and is perpendicular to LL.

A

Find the gradient of LL.

[1]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the coordinates of both axis intercepts of LL.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Find the equation of NN in the form y=mx+cy=mx+c.

[3]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 6
SL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

The line LL has equation

(k1)x+2y6=0(k-1)x+2y-6=0

where kk is a constant. The line LL is parallel to the line y=3x+4y=-3x+4.

A

Write down the gradient of LL in terms of kk.

[1]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the value of kk.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Hence find the coordinates of the two axis intercepts of LL.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 7
SL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

For a product, the supply price PP dollars and demand price PP dollars are modelled in terms of the quantity qq by

P=0.4q+12P=0.4q+12

and

P=0.2q+48P=-0.2q+48

respectively.

A

Interpret the gradient of each line in this context.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Determine the quantity for which the supply price equals the demand price.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Find the corresponding price.

[1]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 8
SL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

A temperature sensor has a linear calibration model R=mT+cR=mT+c, where TT is the actual temperature in C^\circ\text{C} and RR is the sensor reading. When T=5T=5, the reading is 11.811.8. When T=25T=25, the reading is 51.451.4.

A

Find the value of mm.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the calibration model.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

The sensor reading is 37.537.5. Calculate the actual temperature.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 9
HL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

The points A(2,3)A(-2,3) and B(6,1)B(6,-1) are endpoints of a line segment. The line LL is the perpendicular bisector of ABAB.

A

Find the midpoint of ABAB.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the gradient of LL.

[1]
Write your answer here...
C

Find the equation of LL in the form y=mx+cy=mx+c.

[2]
Write your answer here...
D

Write the equation of LL in general form.

[1]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 10
HL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

The height HH metres of a road above sea level is modelled using two straight-line segments. For 0x5000\leq x\leq500, where xx is horizontal distance in metres,

H=0.06x+120H=0.06x+120

The second segment passes through (500,150)(500,150) and (900,166)(900,166).

A

Find the gradient of the second segment.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find an equation for the second segment in the form H=mx+cH=mx+c.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

State whether the two segments join at the same height and whether they are parallel. Justify both answers.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 11
HL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

The line LL has equation

ax+3y12=0ax+3y-12=0

where a>0a>0. The line LL is perpendicular to the line 2xy+5=02x-y+5=0.

A

Determine the value of aa.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the two axis intercepts of LL.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Calculate the area enclosed by LL and the coordinate axes.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 12
HL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

The lines

L1:y=(p1)x+2L_1:y=(p-1)x+2

and

L2:3x+y=14L_2:3x+y=14

intersect at the point PP, whose xx-coordinate is 33.

A

Find the value of pp.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

line NN passes through PP and is perpendicular to L1L_1. Find the equation of NN.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Find the coordinates of the xx-intercept of NN.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 13
HL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

Consider the lines

Lp:(p+1)x2y+4=0L_p:(p+1)x-2y+4=0

and

M:3x6y5=0M:3x-6y-5=0

where pp is a real constant.

A

Write down the gradient of each line.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Determine the value of pp for which the lines are parallel.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Determine the value of pp for which the lines are perpendicular.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 14
HL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

The points P(a,2a+1)P(a,2a+1) and Q(a+4,2a3)Q(a+4,2a-3) lie on a line LL, where aa is a real constant. A line NN is perpendicular to LL and passes through the midpoint of PQPQ.

A

Find the gradient of LL.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the midpoint of PQPQ in terms of aa.

[1]
Write your answer here...
C

Find the equation of NN in terms of aa.

[2]
Write your answer here...
D

Find aa if NN passes through the origin.

[1]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 15
HL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

A line LL has a positive xx-intercept AA and a positive yy-intercept BB. The midpoint of ABAB is (3,4)(3,4). A line NN passes through the origin and is perpendicular to LL.

A

Determine the coordinates of AA and BB.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the equation of LL in general form.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Find the coordinates of the point where NN intersects LL.

[3]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 16
HL • Paper 1
Medium
Calculator Permitted

On a coordinate map, a straight road has equation

4x3y+12=04x-3y+12=0

A station is located at R(6,2)R(6,2). A straight path from RR meets the road at a right angle at the point SS. One coordinate unit represents one kilometre.

A

Find the gradient of the road.

[1]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the equation of the path through RR.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Find the coordinates of SS.

[2]
Write your answer here...
D

Calculate the length of the path from the station to the road.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 17
SL • Paper 2
Medium
Calculator Permitted

A water tank is being drained at a constant rate. After 1212 minutes, it contains 860860 litres of water. After 3232 minutes, it contains 610610 litres. The volume VV litres after tt minutes is modelled by a straight line.

A
I.

Calculate the gradient of the line and interpret its meaning in this context.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find an equation for the model in the form V=mt+cV=mt+c.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Calculate the volume of water in the tank after 4545 minutes.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

The pump must be stopped before the volume falls below 200200 litres. Determine the latest whole number of minutes after draining begins at which the pump may be stopped.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 18
SL • Paper 2
Medium
Calculator Permitted

On a coordinate map, a ferry travels along a straight route from port A(4,7)A(-4,7) to port B(8,1)B(8,1). Each coordinate unit represents one kilometre. A rescue vessel follows a route parallel to ABAB and passes through R(2,3)R(2,-3).

Coordinate map of ports A and B with ferry route and rescue point R.
A
I.

Calculate the gradient of the ferry route.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the equation of the rescue route in the form y=mx+cy=mx+c.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

lighthouse is located on the yy-axis and on the rescue route. Find its coordinates.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

navigation channel has equation y=2x9y=2x-9. Determine whether the channel is perpendicular to the rescue route. Justify your answer.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 19
SL • Paper 2
Medium
Calculator Permitted

A theatre sells tickets for a performance. When 120120 tickets are sold, the total revenue is $3060. When 260260 tickets are sold, the total revenue is $6210. The revenue RR dollars is modelled as a linear function of the number nn of tickets sold.

A
I.

Calculate the gradient of the revenue model and state its units.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the linear model for RR in terms of nn.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

The total cost of staging the performance is modelled by C=9.75n+2400C=9.75n+2400. Find the number of tickets for which revenue equals cost.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

The theatre can sell only a whole number of tickets. Determine the minimum number of tickets that must be sold for the revenue to be at least $5000.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 20
SL • Paper 2
Medium
Calculator Permitted

A section of a mountain railway rises at a constant gradient. Its height is 428428 metres above sea level at a horizontal distance of 1.201.20 kilometres from the station and 512512 metres above sea level at a horizontal distance of 2.602.60 kilometres. Let HH be the height in metres and xx the horizontal distance in metres.

A side-view diagram of a straight mountain railway incline, showing horizontal distance x and vertical height H. The two measured locations are marked, without displaying a calculated gradient.
A
I.

Calculate the gradient of the railway.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Express this gradient as a percentage.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find an equation for HH in terms of xx.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

tunnel entrance is at a height of 600600 metres. Determine its horizontal distance from the station according to this model, giving your answer in kilometres.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 21
SL • Paper 2
Medium
Calculator Permitted

A laboratory sensor produces a voltage vv volts that changes linearly with pressure pp kilopascals. The calibration line has general equation
5p80v+24=05p-80v+24=0

A
I.

Write the equation in the form v=mp+cv=mp+c.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Interpret the gradient and the vertical intercept in this context.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Calculate the pressure when the sensor voltage is 4.804.80 volts.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

second sensor has equation v=0.0625p0.150v=0.0625p-0.150. Explain whether the two calibration lines ever intersect.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 22
SL • Paper 2
Medium
Calculator Permitted

Two companies offer monthly cloud-storage plans. For xx gigabytes of storage, Company A charges A=0.18x+7.50A=0.18x+7.50 dollars. Company B charges $16.50 for 3030 gigabytes and $28.50 for 9090 gigabytes, with its charge modelled linearly.

Monthly charge vs storage for two cloud plans.
A
I.

Find the gradient of Company B's model.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find Company B's charge BB in terms of xx.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Determine the amount of storage for which the two companies charge the same monthly amount.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Storage amounts cannot be negative. Hence determine which company is cheaper for all possible storage amounts, and justify your answer.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 23
SL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A straight cycle path passes through P(1,6)P(-1,6) and Q(5,9)Q(5,9). A rest station is located at S(7,2)S(7,2). A new path from SS will meet the cycle path at a right angle.

Coordinate grid showing the cycle path through P and Q and the rest station S, with equal visual scale on both axes.
A
I.

Find an equation of the cycle path in the form y=mx+cy=mx+c.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find an equation of the new path through SS.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the coordinates of the point TT where the two paths meet.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

One coordinate unit represents 250250 metres. Calculate the length of the new path from SS to TT.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 24
SL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

During a six-hour observation period, the water level beside a harbour wall is modelled by a straight line. At 09:0009{:}00, corresponding to t=0t=0, the level is 1.351.35 metres. At 11:3011{:}30, corresponding to t=2.5t=2.5, the level is 2.102.10 metres.

A
I.

Calculate the rate of change of the water level, in metres per hour.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find a linear model for the water level LL metres after tt hours.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

flood gate must be closed when the water level reaches 2.802.80 metres. Determine the time at which it should be closed.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

The harbour manager predicts a water level of 3.303.30 metres at 15:0015{:}00. Determine whether this prediction is consistent with the model. Justify your answer.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 25
HL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

The line LkL_k has equation
(k+2)x+(k1)y12=0(k+2)x+(k-1)y-12=0
where kk is a real constant. The line MM has equation 2x3y+5=02x-3y+5=0.

A
I.

Find the value of kk for which LkL_k is parallel to MM.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the value of kk for which LkL_k is perpendicular to MM.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

For k=17k=-\dfrac17, independently of your answer to part (ii), find the coordinates of the intersection of LkL_k and MM.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Explain why there is no value of kk for which LkL_k is the same line as MM.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 26
HL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

The vertices of triangle ABCABC are A(2,1)A(-2,1), B(6,3)B(6,3) and C(1,8)C(1,8). An altitude of a triangle passes through a vertex and is perpendicular to the opposite side.

Coordinate-plane diagram of triangle ABC with labelled vertices.
A
I.

Find the equation of the altitude through CC.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the equation of the altitude through AA.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Hence find the coordinates of the orthocentre HH of triangle ABCABC.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Verify that HH also lies on the altitude through BB.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 27
HL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A digital image uses coordinates measured in pixels. Under a reflection in the line LL, points on LL remain fixed. A point P(8,7)P(8,7) is reflected in the line LL to a point PP'.

Coordinate diagram showing line L and point P for reflection.
A
I.

Find the gradient of LL and the gradient of a line perpendicular to LL.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the equation of the perpendicular line through PP.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the coordinates of the point FF where the perpendicular line meets LL.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Hence find the coordinates of PP'.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 28
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A flood barrier has a straight upper edge joining A(0,6)A(0,6) to B(18,0)B(18,0), where coordinates are measured in metres. A drainage channel begins at D(6,0)D(6,0) and meets the upper edge at a right angle.

Coordinate diagram of the flood barrier upper edge and a perpendicular drainage channel.
A
I.

Find the gradient of ABAB.

[1]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the equation of the upper edge in the form y=mx+cy=mx+c.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Determine the coordinates of the point where the drainage channel meets the upper edge.

[3]
Write your answer here...
C

The drainage channel is instead allowed to begin at D(d,0)D(d,0), where dd is real. Determine the range of values of dd for which the perpendicular channel meets the line segment ABAB.

[3]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 29
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A company compares two monthly cloud-storage plans. For nn gigabytes of additional storage, the costs in dollars are
CA=18+0.12nC_A=18+0.12n
and
CB=6+0.20nC_B=6+0.20n

Monthly cost graphs for Plans A and B versus additional storage.
A
I.

Interpret the gradient of the graph of CAC_A.

[1]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the coordinates of the intersection of the two cost graphs.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

State which plan is cheaper for n=250n=250, and calculate the difference in cost.

[3]
Write your answer here...
C

Plan B changes its variable rate from 0.200.20 to kk dollars per gigabyte, while its fixed cost remains 66. Determine the greatest value of kk for which Plan B is no more expensive than Plan A for every nn in 0n3000\leq n\leq300.

[3]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 30
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A mountain route consists of two straight sections. The first joins A(0,120)A(0,120) to B(800,168)B(800,168) and the second joins BB to C(1400,138)C(1400,138). Horizontal distance and height are measured in metres.

A piecewise linear mountain route profile joining points A, B, and C.
A
I.

Calculate the gradient of each section.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Express the gradients as percentage gradients and interpret their signs.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

regulation permits a maximum uphill gradient of 6.5%6.5\% and a maximum downhill magnitude of 5.5%5.5\%. Determine whether both sections comply.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

stricter design requires the magnitude of every gradient to be at most 5%5\%, while retaining the same vertical rise and fall. Determine the minimum total horizontal distance required and explain why the existing route cannot meet this design.

[3]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 31
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A straight coastline is represented by
3x+4y=403x+4y=40
A rescue boat is at P(12,9)P(12,9). One coordinate unit represents one kilometre. The boat travels along the shortest straight route to the coastline.

Coastline, rescue boat at P, and the perpendicular rescue route.
A
I.

Find the gradient of the coastline.

[1]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find an equation of the boat's route.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Determine the point where the boat reaches the coastline and calculate the distance travelled.

[3]
Write your answer here...
C

point has general coordinates (a,b)(a,b). Hence show that its perpendicular distance from the coastline is
3a+4b405\frac{|3a+4b-40|}{5}

[3]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 32
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

Two gauges measure the depth dd metres of liquid in a tank. Their readings are modelled by
r1=1.2d+4,r2=0.9d+10r_1=1.2d+4,\qquad r_2=0.9d+10

Two straight calibration lines showing gauge reading against liquid depth.
A
I.

Interpret the gradient of the graph of r1r_1.

[1]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the depth at which the two gauges give the same reading.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Eliminate dd to express r1r_1 as a linear function of r2r_2.

[3]
Write your answer here...
C

For general gauges r1=ad+br_1=ad+b and r2=cd+er_2=cd+e, where c0c\neq0, find the direct linear relationship between r1r_1 and r2r_2. State the conditions for the two gauges to give equal readings for every depth.

[3]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 33
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

The estimated processing times, in minutes, for two translation services handling ww words are
TH=12+0.08wT_H=12+0.08w
and
TA=3+0.14wT_A=3+0.14w

Processing time against word count for services H and A.
A
I.

Interpret the vertical intercept of the graph of THT_H.

[1]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the word count for which the estimated processing times are equal.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

For a document containing 400400 words, determine which service is faster and by how many minutes.

[3]
Write your answer here...
C

Service A reduces its variable processing rate from 0.140.14 to kk minutes per word, keeping its fixed time at 33 minutes. Determine the greatest value of kk for which Service A is no slower than Service H for every document with 0w5000\leq w\leq500.

[3]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 34
HL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

The lines L1:3x+2y=17L_1:3x+2y=17 and L2:x4y=9L_2:x-4y=-9 intersect at PP. A line NN passes through PP and has positive xx- and yy-intercepts of equal numerical value.

A
I.

Find the coordinates of PP.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

State the gradient of NN.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Find the equation of NN and the coordinates of its two intercepts.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

line through the origin is perpendicular to NN. Find its point of intersection with NN and explain why this point is the midpoint of the two intercepts.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 35
HL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

Three boundary lines of a wildlife reserve are

L1:y=2x+1,L2:y=12x+11,L3:y=x+5L_1:y=2x+1,\qquad L_2:y=-\frac12x+11, \qquad L_3:y=-x+5

The three pairwise intersections form a triangle.

Coordinate grid of the three boundary lines forming a triangular region.
A
I.

Find the intersection of L1L_1 and L2L_2.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the other two vertices of the triangle.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Show that L1L_1 and L2L_2 are perpendicular.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Calculate the area of the triangular reserve.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 36
HL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

The points A(2,1)A(2,-1) and B(10,5)B(10,5) lie on a straight line. A point C(k,4k9)C(k,4k-9) lies on the perpendicular bisector of ABAB, where kk is a real constant.

A
I.

Find the midpoint of ABAB and the gradient of ABAB.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of ABAB.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

Determine the value of kk and hence find the coordinates of CC.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Explain why CA=CBCA=CB without calculating both distances separately.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 37
HL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

Two autonomous vehicles move along straight paths on a coordinate grid. Vehicle A travels on LA:2xy7=0L_A:2x-y-7=0. Vehicle B travels on LB:px+4y18=0L_B:px+4y-18=0, where pp is a constant. The paths intersect at TT, whose xx-coordinate is 55.

A
I.

Find the coordinates of TT.

[2]
Write your answer here...
II.

Determine the value of pp.

[2]
Write your answer here...
B

third vehicle travels through TT on a path perpendicular to LBL_B. Find the equation of this path in general form with integer coefficients.

[2]
Write your answer here...
C

Determine whether the third vehicle's path is parallel to LAL_A. Justify your answer.

[2]
Write your answer here...

0

Question 38
HL • Paper 2
Hard
Calculator Permitted

Two straight wave fronts move across a rectangular simulation grid. At time tt seconds, the first front is represented by
Lt:(t+1)x2y+6=0L_t:(t+1)x-2y+6=0
and the second front is represented by
Mt:3x+(t4)y9=0M_t:3x+(t-4)y-9=0

A
I.

Determine the value of tt for which the two wave fronts are parallel.

[2]
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II.

Determine the value of tt for which the two wave fronts are perpendicular.

[2]
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B

At t=2t=2, determine whether the two parallel fronts are distinct or coincident.

[2]
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C

At t=7t=-7, independently of the perpendicular case in part (a)(ii), find the coordinates of the intersection of the two wave fronts.

[2]
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Question 39
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

Two parallel boundaries of an aerial survey corridor are modelled by
y=0.4x+8y=0.4x+8
and
y=0.4x12y=0.4x-12
where coordinates are measured in kilometres. An inspection flight follows a straight path through S(10,0)S(10,0) and perpendicular to both boundaries.

Coordinate diagram of two parallel corridor boundaries and a perpendicular inspection flight through point S.
A
I.

State the gradient of the inspection flight.

[1]
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II.

Find an equation of the inspection flight.

[2]
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B

Find the coordinates of the two points at which the inspection flight crosses the corridor boundaries.

[3]
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C

Hence show that the perpendicular width of two general parallel lines y=mx+c1y=mx+c_1 and y=mx+c2y=mx+c_2 is
c1c21+m2\frac{|c_1-c_2|}{\sqrt{1+m^2}}
and calculate the width of the survey corridor.

[3]
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Question 40
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

Two laboratories convert a raw instrument reading xx into a corrected reading yy. Laboratory A's calibration line passes through (12,10)(12,10) and (57,40)(57,40). Laboratory B uses
y=0.75x1y=0.75x-1

Calibration lines for two laboratories.
A
I.

Find the gradient of Laboratory A's calibration line.

[1]
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II.

Find the equation of Laboratory A's calibration line.

[2]
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B

Find the raw reading for which the laboratories give the same corrected reading, and state that corrected reading.

[3]
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C

Laboratory B changes its calibration to y=0.75x+py=0.75x+p. Determine the range of values of pp for which the two calibration lines intersect at a raw reading in 0x600\leq x\leq60.

[3]
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Question 41
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

During a training session, the positions of two cyclists along a straight track are modelled by
xA=2.8t+40,xB=3.4t+10x_A=2.8t+40,\qquad x_B=3.4t+10
where xx is measured in metres and tt in seconds.

Position-time graph for cyclists A and B.
A
I.

Interpret the gradients of the two position-time lines.

[2]
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II.

State the initial distance between the cyclists.

[1]
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B

third cyclist has position xC=vt+bx_C=vt+b, where v>2.8v>2.8 and b40b\leq40. Determine conditions on vv and bb for cyclist C to meet cyclist A during the first 120120 seconds, including at t=0t=0.

[3]
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C

third cyclist has position xC=vt+bx_C=vt+b, where v>2.8v>2.8 and b40b\leq40. Determine conditions on vv and bb for cyclist C to catch cyclist A during the first 120120 seconds.

[3]
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Question 42
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

The edge of a roof is modelled by the line segment joining (0,4)(0,4) and (10,7)(10,7), where coordinates are measured in metres. A support beam is placed perpendicular to the roof edge at the point whose horizontal coordinate is 66. The other end of the beam lies on the ground line y=0y=0.

Coordinate graph of the roof edge, the perpendicular support beam, and the ground line.
A
I.

Find the gradient of the roof edge.

[1]
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II.

Find the equation of the roof edge.

[2]
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B

Determine the coordinates of the lower end of the support beam and calculate the beam's length.

[3]
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C

perpendicular beam starts from a general point (t,0.3t+4)(t,0.3t+4) on the roof. Deduce an expression for its length and determine the shortest possible beam for 0t100\leq t\leq10.

[3]
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0

Question 43
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

An access route consists of two straight ramps separated by a level landing. The first ramp rises from (0,0)(0,0) to (r,0.9)(r,0.9). The second rises from (r,0.9)(r,0.9) to a doorway at (18,1.5)(18,1.5). Assume 0<r<180<r<18, so the landing lies between the start and doorway. Coordinates are measured in metres.

Point

x-coordinate / m

y-coordinate / m

Start of first ramp

0

0

Landing

rr

0.9

Doorway

18

1.5

A
I.

Write down the gradient of the first ramp in terms of rr.

[1]
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II.

Write down the gradient of the second ramp in terms of rr.

[2]
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B

The first ramp must have gradient at most 1:121:12 and the second at most 1:151:15. Show that no position of the landing satisfies both requirements.

[3]
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C

The doorway may be moved farther horizontally to the right, while remaining to the right of the landing and while both rises remain unchanged. Determine the minimum total horizontal distance needed to satisfy both gradient limits, and state where the landing should be placed.

[3]
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Question 44
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

Two parallel cycle lanes lie on opposite sides of a central avenue. The central avenue is
x+2y=18x+2y=18
One cycle lane passes through A(2,3)A(2,3) and the other passes through B(10,9)B(10,9). Both cycle lanes are parallel to the avenue.

Avenue, parallel lanes, and a perpendicular connector.
A
I.

Find the gradient of the central avenue.

[1]
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II.

Find the equations of the two cycle lanes in general form.

[2]
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B

connector begins at AA and is perpendicular to the cycle lanes. Determine where it meets the other cycle lane and calculate its length.

[3]
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C

Generalize this result by giving the perpendicular distance between the parallel lines ax+by=c1ax+by=c_1 and ax+by=c2ax+by=c_2. Use your expression to verify the connector length.

[3]
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0

Question 45
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A straight decorative beam joins the positive xx-intercept (a,0)(a,0) to the positive yy-intercept (0,b)(0,b). The beam must pass through the fixed point P(4,3)P(4,3).

Beam joining positive axis intercepts and passing through P.
A
I.

For a=10a=10, find bb.

[1]
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II.

Hence find the equation of this beam in general form.

[2]
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B

Find an expression for bb in terms of aa for the full family of beams through PP, and state the permitted values of aa.

[3]
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C

The designer requires the beam to have equal positive axis intercepts. Determine the intercepts and the area enclosed by the beam and the coordinate axes.

[3]
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Question 46
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A railway is represented in an old coordinate system by
2x5y+10=02x-5y+10=0
A new mapping system uses coordinates
X=x+3,Y=2y4X=x+3,\qquad Y=2y-4

Point

x

y

X

Y

A

0

2

3

0

B

5

4

8

4

C

10

6

13

8

D

15

8

18

12

A
I.

State xx and yy in terms of XX and YY.

[1]
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II.

Find the equation of the railway in the new coordinate system.

[2]
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B

maintenance path passes through (8,4)(8,4) in the new coordinate system and is perpendicular to the railway in that system. Find its equation.

[3]
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C

More generally, suppose X=x+hX=x+h and Y=sy+kY=sy+k, where s>0s>0. Determine how a gradient mm changes and hence state the condition on ss for perpendicularity to be preserved for every pair of lines.

[3]
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0

Question 47
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A line displayed on a digital image has pixel coordinates satisfying
y=0.8x+400y=-0.8x+400
Physical coordinates, measured in millimetres, are related to pixel coordinates by
X=0.5x20,Y=0.25y+10X=0.5x-20,\qquad Y=0.25y+10

Transformed line and perpendicular line in physical coordinates.
A
I.

Express xx and yy in terms of XX and YY.

[1]
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II.

Find the equation of the displayed line in physical coordinates.

[2]
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B

In physical coordinates, a second line passes through (30,50)(30,50) and is perpendicular to the displayed line. Find their point of intersection.

[3]
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C

Suppose more generally that X=px+hX=px+h and Y=qy+kY=qy+k, where p,q>0p,q>0. Deduce the transformed gradient of a line with pixel gradient mm, and determine when every right angle is preserved.

[3]
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0

Question 48
HL • Paper 3
Hard
Calculator Permitted

A family of possible geological fault lines is modelled by
Lk:(k+1)x+(k1)y=12L_k:(k+1)x+(k-1)y=12
where kk is a real parameter.

Several members of the fault-line family passing through a common point.
A
I.

For k1k\neq1, write down the gradient of LkL_k.

[1]
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II.

Find the two axis intercepts of L2L_2.

[2]
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B

Show that every line in the family passes through the same point, and find this point.

[3]
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C

Determine the value of kk for which LkL_k is perpendicular to the line 3x4y=53x-4y=5. Comment on the special member L1L_1.

[3]
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0


Applications of Functions

Properties of Functions