The cost, dollars, of a taxi journey of kilometres is modelled by
State the cost per kilometre and the fixed initial charge.
Calculate the cost of a journey of kilometres.
journey costs $32.50. Find the distance travelled.
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A straight line passes through the points and .
Find the gradient of .
Find the equation of in the form .
Write down the coordinates of the -intercept of .
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A straight access ramp rises vertically by over a horizontal distance of . The ramp has a constant gradient.
Calculate the gradient of the ramp.
Express the gradient as a percentage.
second ramp has the same gradient and rises vertically by . Calculate its horizontal distance.
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An exchange office uses a linear model to convert an amount in US dollars to an amount in euros. Under this model, US dollars converts to euros and US dollars converts to euros.
Determine the gradient of the linear model.
Find the equation of the model in the form .
Calculate the number of euros received for US dollars.
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The equation of a line is
A second line passes through and is perpendicular to .
Find the gradient of .
Find the coordinates of both axis intercepts of .
Find the equation of in the form .
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The line has equation
where is a constant. The line is parallel to the line .
Write down the gradient of in terms of .
Find the value of .
Hence find the coordinates of the two axis intercepts of .
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For a product, the supply price dollars and demand price dollars are modelled in terms of the quantity by
and
respectively.
Interpret the gradient of each line in this context.
Determine the quantity for which the supply price equals the demand price.
Find the corresponding price.
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A temperature sensor has a linear calibration model , where is the actual temperature in and is the sensor reading. When , the reading is . When , the reading is .
Find the value of .
Find the calibration model.
The sensor reading is . Calculate the actual temperature.
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The points and are endpoints of a line segment. The line is the perpendicular bisector of .
Find the midpoint of .
Find the gradient of .
Find the equation of in the form .
Write the equation of in general form.
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The height metres of a road above sea level is modelled using two straight-line segments. For , where is horizontal distance in metres,
The second segment passes through and .
Find the gradient of the second segment.
Find an equation for the second segment in the form .
State whether the two segments join at the same height and whether they are parallel. Justify both answers.
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The line has equation
where . The line is perpendicular to the line .
Determine the value of .
Find the two axis intercepts of .
Calculate the area enclosed by and the coordinate axes.
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The lines
and
intersect at the point , whose -coordinate is .
Find the value of .
line passes through and is perpendicular to . Find the equation of .
Find the coordinates of the -intercept of .
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Consider the lines
and
where is a real constant.
Write down the gradient of each line.
Determine the value of for which the lines are parallel.
Determine the value of for which the lines are perpendicular.
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The points and lie on a line , where is a real constant. A line is perpendicular to and passes through the midpoint of .
Find the gradient of .
Find the midpoint of in terms of .
Find the equation of in terms of .
Find if passes through the origin.
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A line has a positive -intercept and a positive -intercept . The midpoint of is . A line passes through the origin and is perpendicular to .
Determine the coordinates of and .
Find the equation of in general form.
Find the coordinates of the point where intersects .
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On a coordinate map, a straight road has equation
A station is located at . A straight path from meets the road at a right angle at the point . One coordinate unit represents one kilometre.
Find the gradient of the road.
Find the equation of the path through .
Find the coordinates of .
Calculate the length of the path from the station to the road.
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A water tank is being drained at a constant rate. After minutes, it contains litres of water. After minutes, it contains litres. The volume litres after minutes is modelled by a straight line.
Calculate the gradient of the line and interpret its meaning in this context.
Find an equation for the model in the form .
Calculate the volume of water in the tank after minutes.
The pump must be stopped before the volume falls below litres. Determine the latest whole number of minutes after draining begins at which the pump may be stopped.
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On a coordinate map, a ferry travels along a straight route from port to port . Each coordinate unit represents one kilometre. A rescue vessel follows a route parallel to and passes through .

Calculate the gradient of the ferry route.
Find the equation of the rescue route in the form .
lighthouse is located on the -axis and on the rescue route. Find its coordinates.
navigation channel has equation . Determine whether the channel is perpendicular to the rescue route. Justify your answer.
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A theatre sells tickets for a performance. When tickets are sold, the total revenue is $3060. When tickets are sold, the total revenue is $6210. The revenue dollars is modelled as a linear function of the number of tickets sold.
Calculate the gradient of the revenue model and state its units.
Find the linear model for in terms of .
The total cost of staging the performance is modelled by . Find the number of tickets for which revenue equals cost.
The theatre can sell only a whole number of tickets. Determine the minimum number of tickets that must be sold for the revenue to be at least $5000.
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A section of a mountain railway rises at a constant gradient. Its height is metres above sea level at a horizontal distance of kilometres from the station and metres above sea level at a horizontal distance of kilometres. Let be the height in metres and the horizontal distance in metres.

Calculate the gradient of the railway.
Express this gradient as a percentage.
Find an equation for in terms of .
tunnel entrance is at a height of metres. Determine its horizontal distance from the station according to this model, giving your answer in kilometres.
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A laboratory sensor produces a voltage volts that changes linearly with pressure kilopascals. The calibration line has general equation
Write the equation in the form .
Interpret the gradient and the vertical intercept in this context.
Calculate the pressure when the sensor voltage is volts.
second sensor has equation . Explain whether the two calibration lines ever intersect.
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Two companies offer monthly cloud-storage plans. For gigabytes of storage, Company A charges dollars. Company B charges $16.50 for gigabytes and $28.50 for gigabytes, with its charge modelled linearly.

Find the gradient of Company B's model.
Find Company B's charge in terms of .
Determine the amount of storage for which the two companies charge the same monthly amount.
Storage amounts cannot be negative. Hence determine which company is cheaper for all possible storage amounts, and justify your answer.
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A straight cycle path passes through and . A rest station is located at . A new path from will meet the cycle path at a right angle.

Find an equation of the cycle path in the form .
Find an equation of the new path through .
Find the coordinates of the point where the two paths meet.
One coordinate unit represents metres. Calculate the length of the new path from to .
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During a six-hour observation period, the water level beside a harbour wall is modelled by a straight line. At , corresponding to , the level is metres. At , corresponding to , the level is metres.
Calculate the rate of change of the water level, in metres per hour.
Find a linear model for the water level metres after hours.
flood gate must be closed when the water level reaches metres. Determine the time at which it should be closed.
The harbour manager predicts a water level of metres at . Determine whether this prediction is consistent with the model. Justify your answer.
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The line has equation
where is a real constant. The line has equation .
Find the value of for which is parallel to .
Find the value of for which is perpendicular to .
For , independently of your answer to part (ii), find the coordinates of the intersection of and .
Explain why there is no value of for which is the same line as .
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The vertices of triangle are , and . An altitude of a triangle passes through a vertex and is perpendicular to the opposite side.

Find the equation of the altitude through .
Find the equation of the altitude through .
Hence find the coordinates of the orthocentre of triangle .
Verify that also lies on the altitude through .
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A digital image uses coordinates measured in pixels. Under a reflection in the line , points on remain fixed. A point is reflected in the line to a point .

Find the gradient of and the gradient of a line perpendicular to .
Find the equation of the perpendicular line through .
Find the coordinates of the point where the perpendicular line meets .
Hence find the coordinates of .
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A flood barrier has a straight upper edge joining to , where coordinates are measured in metres. A drainage channel begins at and meets the upper edge at a right angle.

Find the gradient of .
Find the equation of the upper edge in the form .
Determine the coordinates of the point where the drainage channel meets the upper edge.
The drainage channel is instead allowed to begin at , where is real. Determine the range of values of for which the perpendicular channel meets the line segment .
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A company compares two monthly cloud-storage plans. For gigabytes of additional storage, the costs in dollars are
and

Interpret the gradient of the graph of .
Find the coordinates of the intersection of the two cost graphs.
State which plan is cheaper for , and calculate the difference in cost.
Plan B changes its variable rate from to dollars per gigabyte, while its fixed cost remains . Determine the greatest value of for which Plan B is no more expensive than Plan A for every in .
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A mountain route consists of two straight sections. The first joins to and the second joins to . Horizontal distance and height are measured in metres.

Calculate the gradient of each section.
Express the gradients as percentage gradients and interpret their signs.
regulation permits a maximum uphill gradient of and a maximum downhill magnitude of . Determine whether both sections comply.
stricter design requires the magnitude of every gradient to be at most , while retaining the same vertical rise and fall. Determine the minimum total horizontal distance required and explain why the existing route cannot meet this design.
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A straight coastline is represented by
A rescue boat is at . One coordinate unit represents one kilometre. The boat travels along the shortest straight route to the coastline.

Find the gradient of the coastline.
Find an equation of the boat's route.
Determine the point where the boat reaches the coastline and calculate the distance travelled.
point has general coordinates . Hence show that its perpendicular distance from the coastline is
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Two gauges measure the depth metres of liquid in a tank. Their readings are modelled by

Interpret the gradient of the graph of .
Find the depth at which the two gauges give the same reading.
Eliminate to express as a linear function of .
For general gauges and , where , find the direct linear relationship between and . State the conditions for the two gauges to give equal readings for every depth.
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The estimated processing times, in minutes, for two translation services handling words are
and

Interpret the vertical intercept of the graph of .
Find the word count for which the estimated processing times are equal.
For a document containing words, determine which service is faster and by how many minutes.
Service A reduces its variable processing rate from to minutes per word, keeping its fixed time at minutes. Determine the greatest value of for which Service A is no slower than Service H for every document with .
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The lines and intersect at . A line passes through and has positive - and -intercepts of equal numerical value.
Find the coordinates of .
State the gradient of .
Find the equation of and the coordinates of its two intercepts.
line through the origin is perpendicular to . Find its point of intersection with and explain why this point is the midpoint of the two intercepts.
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Three boundary lines of a wildlife reserve are
The three pairwise intersections form a triangle.

Find the intersection of and .
Find the other two vertices of the triangle.
Show that and are perpendicular.
Calculate the area of the triangular reserve.
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The points and lie on a straight line. A point lies on the perpendicular bisector of , where is a real constant.
Find the midpoint of and the gradient of .
Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of .
Determine the value of and hence find the coordinates of .
Explain why without calculating both distances separately.
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Two autonomous vehicles move along straight paths on a coordinate grid. Vehicle A travels on . Vehicle B travels on , where is a constant. The paths intersect at , whose -coordinate is .
Find the coordinates of .
Determine the value of .
third vehicle travels through on a path perpendicular to . Find the equation of this path in general form with integer coefficients.
Determine whether the third vehicle's path is parallel to . Justify your answer.
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Two straight wave fronts move across a rectangular simulation grid. At time seconds, the first front is represented by
and the second front is represented by
Determine the value of for which the two wave fronts are parallel.
Determine the value of for which the two wave fronts are perpendicular.
At , determine whether the two parallel fronts are distinct or coincident.
At , independently of the perpendicular case in part (a)(ii), find the coordinates of the intersection of the two wave fronts.
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Two parallel boundaries of an aerial survey corridor are modelled by
and
where coordinates are measured in kilometres. An inspection flight follows a straight path through and perpendicular to both boundaries.

State the gradient of the inspection flight.
Find an equation of the inspection flight.
Find the coordinates of the two points at which the inspection flight crosses the corridor boundaries.
Hence show that the perpendicular width of two general parallel lines and is
and calculate the width of the survey corridor.
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Two laboratories convert a raw instrument reading into a corrected reading . Laboratory A's calibration line passes through and . Laboratory B uses

Find the gradient of Laboratory A's calibration line.
Find the equation of Laboratory A's calibration line.
Find the raw reading for which the laboratories give the same corrected reading, and state that corrected reading.
Laboratory B changes its calibration to . Determine the range of values of for which the two calibration lines intersect at a raw reading in .
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During a training session, the positions of two cyclists along a straight track are modelled by
where is measured in metres and in seconds.

Interpret the gradients of the two position-time lines.
State the initial distance between the cyclists.
third cyclist has position , where and . Determine conditions on and for cyclist C to meet cyclist A during the first seconds, including at .
third cyclist has position , where and . Determine conditions on and for cyclist C to catch cyclist A during the first seconds.
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The edge of a roof is modelled by the line segment joining and , where coordinates are measured in metres. A support beam is placed perpendicular to the roof edge at the point whose horizontal coordinate is . The other end of the beam lies on the ground line .

Find the gradient of the roof edge.
Find the equation of the roof edge.
Determine the coordinates of the lower end of the support beam and calculate the beam's length.
perpendicular beam starts from a general point on the roof. Deduce an expression for its length and determine the shortest possible beam for .
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An access route consists of two straight ramps separated by a level landing. The first ramp rises from to . The second rises from to a doorway at . Assume , so the landing lies between the start and doorway. Coordinates are measured in metres.
Point | x-coordinate / m | y-coordinate / m |
|---|---|---|
Start of first ramp | 0 | 0 |
Landing | 0.9 | |
Doorway | 18 | 1.5 |
Write down the gradient of the first ramp in terms of .
Write down the gradient of the second ramp in terms of .
The first ramp must have gradient at most and the second at most . Show that no position of the landing satisfies both requirements.
The doorway may be moved farther horizontally to the right, while remaining to the right of the landing and while both rises remain unchanged. Determine the minimum total horizontal distance needed to satisfy both gradient limits, and state where the landing should be placed.
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Two parallel cycle lanes lie on opposite sides of a central avenue. The central avenue is
One cycle lane passes through and the other passes through . Both cycle lanes are parallel to the avenue.

Find the gradient of the central avenue.
Find the equations of the two cycle lanes in general form.
connector begins at and is perpendicular to the cycle lanes. Determine where it meets the other cycle lane and calculate its length.
Generalize this result by giving the perpendicular distance between the parallel lines and . Use your expression to verify the connector length.
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A straight decorative beam joins the positive -intercept to the positive -intercept . The beam must pass through the fixed point .

For , find .
Hence find the equation of this beam in general form.
Find an expression for in terms of for the full family of beams through , and state the permitted values of .
The designer requires the beam to have equal positive axis intercepts. Determine the intercepts and the area enclosed by the beam and the coordinate axes.
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A railway is represented in an old coordinate system by
A new mapping system uses coordinates
Point | x | y | X | Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
B | 5 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
C | 10 | 6 | 13 | 8 |
D | 15 | 8 | 18 | 12 |
State and in terms of and .
Find the equation of the railway in the new coordinate system.
maintenance path passes through in the new coordinate system and is perpendicular to the railway in that system. Find its equation.
More generally, suppose and , where . Determine how a gradient changes and hence state the condition on for perpendicularity to be preserved for every pair of lines.
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A line displayed on a digital image has pixel coordinates satisfying
Physical coordinates, measured in millimetres, are related to pixel coordinates by

Express and in terms of and .
Find the equation of the displayed line in physical coordinates.
In physical coordinates, a second line passes through and is perpendicular to the displayed line. Find their point of intersection.
Suppose more generally that and , where . Deduce the transformed gradient of a line with pixel gradient , and determine when every right angle is preserved.
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A family of possible geological fault lines is modelled by
where is a real parameter.

For , write down the gradient of .
Find the two axis intercepts of .
Show that every line in the family passes through the same point, and find this point.
Determine the value of for which is perpendicular to the line . Comment on the special member .
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