Distinguish between movement and locomotion.

State one example of movement in a sessile organism.

State one function of titin in a sarcomere.

Explain why titin contributes to muscle relaxation after stretch.

State why one skeletal muscle cannot actively push a bone back to its original position.

Explain how antagonistic muscles overcome this limitation.

Define motor unit.

State the role of a neuromuscular junction.

State how a muscle increases force output by using motor units.

Identify the origin and insertion of a muscle in relation to movement.

State how a skeleton contributes to muscle-generated movement.

Distinguish between a ligament and a tendon.

State the role of synovial fluid in a synovial joint.

Distinguish between flexion and extension.

Distinguish between abduction and adduction.

State why hip range of motion should be recorded separately for different movement dimensions.

Foraging for food.

Escaping from danger.

Searching for a mate.

Migration.

State what happens to the distance between Z-discs during sarcomere contraction.

Explain why the A band/thick-filament region does not shorten during contraction.

State the effect of ATP binding to myosin.

Outline two events that follow ATP hydrolysis.

State how repeated cycles affect the sarcomere.

Suggest one advantage of large motor units in the jumping muscle.

Suggest one disadvantage of large motor units for precise movement.

Define effort and load in an animal lever system.

Explain one effect of applying muscle effort close to a joint.

Name the two bones forming the hip joint.

Explain how two named structures of a synovial joint reduce damage during movement.

State the role of muscles at the hip joint.

State where the pivot of the goniometer should be placed.

Outline how the two arms of the goniometer are aligned.

State one reason for repeating the measurement.

State the movement of the ribs caused by contraction of external intercostal muscles.

State the movement of the ribs caused by contraction of internal intercostal muscles during forced exhalation.

Explain how intercostal muscles demonstrate antagonistic action.

State one feature that reduces drag in a swimming marine mammal.

Explain the function of flippers and flukes in marine mammals.

State how airway position supports periodic breathing.

Describe the change in sarcomere length during contraction.

Compare the change in light band width with the change in thick-filament region length.

Explain how the data support the sliding filament model.

Describe the trend in passive tension as sarcomere length increases beyond resting length.

Explain the role of titin in producing this trend.

Suggest why excessive stretch could reduce later active contraction.

Identify the muscle likely to give the finest control.

Use the data to justify your answer.

Explain how recruitment of motor units increases whole-muscle force.

Calculate the range of motion for hip flexion for one athlete from the starting and final angles shown.

Identify which movement dimension has the greatest mean range of motion.

Compare variability among the movement dimensions.

Suggest two reasons why repeated image measurements were taken.

Identify the most frequent reason for locomotion.

Describe one change in locomotor behaviour during the breeding period.

Suggest a benefit and a cost of dispersal shown by the data.

Identify the ATP concentration range where force increases most rapidly.

Describe the relationship between ATP concentration and force at higher ATP concentrations.

Explain why very low ATP concentration reduces repeated contraction cycles.

Suggest one variable, other than ATP concentration, that should be controlled.

Identify which arrangement gives the larger movement at the distal end for the same muscle shortening.

Compare the force advantage of the two arrangements.

Suggest one biological advantage of each arrangement.

Identify the phase in which external intercostal muscles are most likely contracting.

Describe the change in thoracic volume during contraction of internal intercostal muscles.

Explain how the two intercostal muscle layers act antagonistically.

Suggest why fibre orientation is important for this antagonistic action.

Describe the relationship between speed and drag force.

Identify which model best represents a streamlined marine mammal.

Explain why streamlining is advantageous for swimming.

Suggest one additional adaptation, not shown by body shape, that supports swimming or diving in marine mammals.

Outline the components of a motor unit.

Compare and contrast motor units in muscles requiring fine control with those in muscles producing large forces.

Identify the bones forming the human hip joint and state its joint type.

Explain how structures of a synovial joint enable movement while reducing injury at the hip.

Identify the species with the greatest specialization for sustained fast swimming.

Use two features from the table to justify your identification.

Explain how periodic breathing constrains locomotion in marine mammals.

Suggest why the tail movement of dolphins differs from that of many fish.

Outline the structure of a sarcomere, including the positions of actin and myosin.

Explain how the cross-bridge cycle causes sarcomere shortening.

Describe two roles of titin in sarcomeres.

Discuss how titin and antagonistic muscles contribute to relaxation and reversal of movement at a joint.

Define fulcrum, effort and load in an animal lever system.

Evaluate how skeletons act as anchorage and levers for muscle-generated movement, using vertebrate and arthropod examples.

Outline how a goniometer can be used to measure range of motion at the hip.

Evaluate factors that affect the validity and reliability of comparing range of motion in different dimensions at the hip.

Outline four reasons for animal locomotion.

Discuss how locomotion and dispersal can influence survival, reproduction and evolution.

Describe two challenges faced by mammals swimming in water.

Explain adaptations for swimming and periodic breathing in marine mammals.